Essay --

Is this a quote that you would believe to be some one that would be considered an effective visionary leader If youre afraid of the future, then get out of the way, stand aside. The people of this country are ready to move again.. Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan was one of our nations almost effective visionary leader of the twentieth century, evident by his vision of beginning a era of national renewal and his relentless pursuit for manhood peace and the stop over of the Cold War. I will begin by first explaining why I believe Reagan was an effective visional leader by his handling of the Transformational Leadership style and how it reenergized US government and the American public, and then describe his ability to understand diversity and how it was the key in setting the foundation to end the Cold War and to promote world peace. To view someone as a visionary leader you might want to have a weensy background on them as a man or woman, lest look at Ronald Reagan as the man th at became our Nations leader.Ronald Wilson Reagan was always in the front of the public center Reagans first passion was that of an actor. From 1935-1965 Reagan was involved with in radio broadcasting, television shows and was staring in over 50 Hollywood films. Through out his proterozoic years Reagan was seen as a leader evident by his selection as the student body President in high school and ulterior on at Eureka (Illinois) College. He enlisted in to the Army Reserve as a Private but was soon promoted to Second Lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Cavalry in 1937. He was call to active duty in the Army Air Force and assigned to the 1st intercommunicate Picture Unit in Culver City California where was involved with making over 400 training films from 1942 thru 1945. ... ...large step towards world peace, thus this is way I believe he was an effective visionary leader. I have given you a little background on Ronald W. Reagan the man and a leader. Then I expl ained to you, two areas that I feel that make Reagan an effective visionary leader. The first area was how he effectively uses of Transformation Leadership style through his vision, thinking, personal appeal and caring approach inspired a nation to embrace and move forward after a decade of hardship. Seconded area I covered was how he fully embraced Cognitive/Behavioral and Demographic Diversity in accomplishing his vision of promoting world peace and setting the foundation to ending the Cold War. In conclusion I would like to leave you with this closing remake for Reagan What Id really like to do is go down in history as the President who make Americans believe in themselves again.

Monetary Policy Essay -- Expansionary and Contractionary Policy

Introduction monetary insurance is among the many tools used by a national government to manipulate its financial system. Monetary policy refers to the method used by the financial authority of any country to control the supply and availability of property (Woelfel, 1994). It is often targeted at interest judge to achieve lay down objectives directed towards stinting growth and stability (Woelfel, 1994). Monetary policy rests on the link between interest rates in an economy, that is, the relationship between interest rates and the total bills supply. It employs a variety of methods to control outcomes like inflation, economic growth, currency exchange rates and unemployment.Monetary policy can either be expansionary policy in which case there is a rapid increase in the total money in circulation in the economy, or contractionary policy in which case there is a slow increase or decrease in the total amount of money in circulation in the economy (Woelfel, 1994). The description of m onetary policy takes the following approach accommodative if the intention of the set interest rates is to stimulate economic growth, neutral if the intention is neither to fight inflation nor to stimulate economic growth and tight if the intention is to decrease inflation (Woelfel, 1994). These can be achieved by various tools including raising reserve requirements, increasing interest rates by fiat, and decreasing the monetary base, depending on the think results (Woelfel, 1994). Monetary policy is always intended to either increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation in the economy. Reducing interest rates encourages borrowing thus increases the amount of money in circulation. It is however challenging when the interest rates are... ...ood of increased tax on their savings (Goodfriend, 2000). It is therefore fundamental for central banks to promise the public that it leave alone curb some elements of quantitative easing even as the economy recovers in order to gai n public trust. Besides adjustments on tax and using up instruments takes a longer period thus may only be effective in neutralizing the zero bound in the long run that not short term effect as required in this case.The signaling ChannelThis channel unlike the others capitalizes on shaping the publics expectations through indubitable signal about central banks future policy intentions. This channel is more of a visible sign for central governments commitment to maintain zero policy rates for longer duration. This channel requires central banks to show a remarkable willingness to break from the previous conventional monetary policies.

Women in Science Careers Essay -- Gender Roles, Discrimination

According to a six-year study reviewed by the University of Washington Human Rights Committee, conducted by Suzanne Brainard and Linda Carlin on undergraduate women in science, 20% of freshmen reported no barriers simply 3% of seniors could say the same.(Bickenstaff 380) This study illustrates a common theme for women studying a science. There is no one defining reason for why women impression there are barriers but several theories suggest that there could be more than one contributing factor that causes these barriers for women. Looking at multiple possibilities, it keep be determined what causes the under representation of women in science careers such as physics, biology, technology, engineering, and math. There are many examples of areas in science which women choose non pursue for one reason or another Sue V. Rosser, from the Georgia Institute of Technology studies women in work and academy, and found that women earn 55.5 percent of the Master of accomplishment degrees i n all fields, they earn only 39.3 percent of the degrees in science and engineering fields (53). Women may be pursuing some forms of science, but not to the period of equality in certain areas. The American Association of University Women reinforces that women earned only 21 percent of doctoral degrees in computer science in 2006 as quoted from the National Science Foundation (1). Sue Rosser observes that Women earn 40.6 percent of the Ph.D.s in all fields but only 32.8 percent of the Ph.D.s in science and engineering (53). whatsoever the cause, it is apparent that women fall behind in degrees in many types of science fields. Arguable explanations for this vary from lack of word of women, to fear of sexual harassment. A commonplace stereotype is t... ...uccess in science and engineering, research shows that spatial skills can be improved fairly easily with training (22). In response to discrimination, Hill cites that agnomen IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. During the last 37 years, however, Title IX has been applied in general to sports (13). The policies of Title IX should apply to all women in the workforce to assure that sexual harassment never occurs. Women should no longer be looked down upon when it comes to intelligence in math and sciences. And classes for spatial skills improvement should be provided to any women with a desire to work in a field requiring that type of skill. With these types of changes, women will not be as under represented in any of the STEM fields as they currently are.

Mensch und Natur: Ein Beitrag zu der Theorie des :: German Essays

Mensch und Natur Ein Beitrag zu der Theorie des Homo UniversusABSTRACT The following discussion is centered on German romantic philosophy. The founder of philosophical romanticism, F.W.J. Schelling, speaks of the i hideouttity of all spheres of the universe. This view is echoed by other romantic philosophers, e.g., Novalis, Hlderlin, von Baader, and Schubert, as well as later neoromantics such as Scheler and Heidegger. I wish to show homo sapien as homo universus. Homo sapien is tied to the universe and must be aware of this oneness. Such knowledge testament ameliorate his alienation from nature.Uralt ist bust Frage Was ist der Mensch? Uralt und uerst schwer zugleich. Wir wissen nicht genau sowohl wann der Mensch erschienen ist als auch was sein eigenstes Wesen ausmacht. Soll man den Menschen mit der geraden Haltung, mit seiner Neigung zur knstlerischen oder symbolischen Gestaltung, mit der Sprache oder vielleicht mit der Fhigkeit sich seines Intellects zu be become flatnen und Ab stracta zu schaffen, verbinden? Alle die (sowie auch zahlreichen anderen) Auffassungen beleuchten den Menschen von einer bestimmten Seite, und tragen damit zu einem besseren Verstehen seiner Eigentmlichkeit bei. Hier wollen wir noch eine Theorie hinzufgen, die ein zustzliches Licht auf den Menschen werfen kann. Es geht um die Auffassung des Menschen in mannigfaltigsten Verflechtungen mit der Umwelt. Die Umwelt wird weit begriffen und bedeutet sowohl mouse hare unmittelbare Milieu des Menschen als auch den ganzen Kosmos. Der letzte soll nicht nur als das Materiell-Sichtbare verstanden werden, sondern als Etwas, was neben der Materie auch das beinhaltet, was wir Geist zu nennen pflegen. Den Menschen wollen wir also als innigst verbunden mit dem allumfassenden Universum verstehen, mit Dem, was erfahrungsmig bekannt und erreichbar ist, aber auch mit Dem, was noch der heutigen Erfahrung entflieht und oft als unnatrlich oder geheimnisvoll bezeichnet wird. Es ist klar, da eine solche Theo rie des homo universus im Miklang mit den aufklrerischen oder positivistischen Auffassungen steht. Alle die wollen den Menschen nicht nur von den unerforschbaren Weltereignissen loslsen, die sie fr metaphysisch halten. Sie wollen auch den Menschen von der sonstigen Natur abgrenzen und ihn als den selbststndigen und von der Umwelt wenig abhngigen Subjekt ansehen. Erwhnen knnen wir in diesem Zusammenhang I. Kant, der die Welt entzweit und sie in die dem Menschen gegenber existierenden Dinge an sich und in die Erscheinungen (Dinge fr uns) teilt. Der Mensch gewinnt zwar ber die Noumena die Oberhand im Erkentnisproze indem er sie zur Erscheinungen macht, er steht aber letzen Endes ihnen gegenber einsam und ratlos indem sie vor ihm fr ewig gechlossen bleiben.

Hollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the Locust Essay -- Nathanie

Hollywood and Nathaniel Wests The day of the LocustWorks Cited MissingAlthough set in the 1930s, Nathanael Wests The solar day of the Locust ironically resembles contemporary Hollywood. Within the glamorous setting of Hollywood, Wests sheaths take on multiple roles instead of assuming individual personalities. They cast on and remove these imaginary personality masks, similar to those in the Commedia dellArte, to exhibit a orbital cavity of emotions that only their character type would exhibit. Consequently, Wests characters are trapped in this restrictive atmosphere, especially at the end of the novel when they call on part of a collective mob. In these domainners, the characters in The Day of the Locust exhibit qualities akin to modern actors, proving that they are nothing more than a cast of personages rather than individuals. Hollywood is not simply a peak on a map it is a representation of the human experience. As with any other location, though, Hollywoods account can be traced and analyse up to present day. In 1887, Harvey Henderson Wilcox established a 120-acre ranch in an area northwest of Los Angeles, naming it Hollywood (Basinger 15). From because on, Hollywood grew from one mans family to over 5,000 people in 1910. By then, residents around the ranch incorporated it as a municipality, using the take in Hollywood for their village. While they voted to become part of the Los Angeles district, their village was also attracting motion-picture companies drawn in by the diverse geography of the mountains and oceanside (15). The Los Angeles area continues to flourish, now containing over clubhouse million people, an overwhelming statistic compared to Wilcoxs original, family unit (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, these facts only s... ...ic category. Instead, they have the freedom to shift between different roles and characters. In Wests The Day of the Locust, the characters exhibit traits right about closely linked to these new types of Hol lywood actors. Although he introduces them as types, he develops them throughout the novel with variable personalities. Todds emotions, for example, towards Faye range from sweetly romantic to vengefully dangerous. Yet, these variable personalities do not prove individuality, as the characters can all be labeled as characters, just comparable all actors are just actors at the end of every movie no matter what role they play. Unfortunately, Wests characters can never endure their fixed roles and established places in the narrative despite how often they attempt to change. They are forever stuck as modern actors in a 1930s Hollywood setting, and therein lies their tragedy. Hollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the Locust Essay -- NathanieHollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the LocustWorks Cited MissingAlthough set in the 1930s, Nathanael Wests The Day of the Locust ironically resembles contemporary Hollywood. Within the glamorous setting of Hollywood, Wests characters take on multiple roles instead of assuming individual personalities. They put on and remove these imaginary personality masks, similar to those in the Commedia dellArte, to exhibit a range of emotions that only their character type would exhibit. Consequently, Wests characters are trapped in this restrictive atmosphere, especially at the end of the novel when they become part of a collective mob. In these manners, the characters in The Day of the Locust exhibit qualities akin to modern actors, proving that they are nothing more than a cast of personages rather than individuals. Hollywood is not simply a point on a map it is a representation of the human experience. As with any other location, though, Hollywoods history can be traced and analyzed up to present day. In 1887, Harvey Henderson Wilcox established a 120-acre ranch in an area northwest of Los Angeles, naming it Hollywood (Basinger 15). From then on, Hollywood grew from one mans family to over 5,000 people in 191 0. By then, residents around the ranch incorporated it as a municipality, using the name Hollywood for their village. While they voted to become part of the Los Angeles district, their village was also attracting motion-picture companies drawn in by the diverse geography of the mountains and oceanside (15). The Los Angeles area continues to flourish, now containing over nine million people, an overwhelming statistic compared to Wilcoxs original, family unit (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, these facts only s... ...ic category. Instead, they have the freedom to shift between different roles and characters. In Wests The Day of the Locust, the characters exhibit traits most closely linked to these new types of Hollywood actors. Although he introduces them as types, he develops them throughout the novel with variable personalities. Todds emotions, for example, towards Faye range from sweetly romantic to vindictively dangerous. Yet, these variable personalities do not prove individualit y, as the characters can all be labeled as characters, just like all actors are just actors at the end of every movie no matter what role they play. Unfortunately, Wests characters can never escape their fixed roles and established places in the narrative despite how often they attempt to change. They are forever stuck as modern actors in a 1930s Hollywood setting, and therein lies their tragedy.

Hollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the Locust Essay -- Nathanie

Hollywood and Nathaniel westerns The Day of the LocustWorks Cited MissingAlthough set in the 1930s, Nathanael Wests The Day of the Locust ironically resembles contemporary Hollywood. Within the glamorous setting of Hollywood, Wests characters take on multiple roles instead of assuming unrivalled-on-one personalities. They put on and train these imaginary personality masks, similar to those in the Commedia dellArte, to lay out a range of emotions that only their character type would express. Consequently, Wests characters ar confine in this restrictive atmosphere, especially at the windup of the novel when they become part of a collective mob. In these manners, the characters in The Day of the Locust exhibit qualities akin to modern actors, proving that they are nothing more than a cast of personages rather than individuals. Hollywood is not simply a point on a map it is a re makeation of the human experience. As with any other location, though, Hollywoods history can be trac ed and analyzed up to present day. In 1887, Harvey Henderson Wilcox naturalised a 120-acre ranch in an area northwest of Los Angeles, naming it Hollywood (Basinger 15). From then on, Hollywood grew from one mans family to everyplace 5,000 people in 1910. By then, residents around the ranch incorporated it as a municipality, using the name Hollywood for their crossroads. time they voted to become part of the Los Angeles district, their village was also attracting motion-picture companies drawn in by the diverse geography of the mountains and oceanside (15). The Los Angeles area continues to flourish, now containing over nine million people, an overwhelming statistic compared to Wilcoxs original, family unit (U.S. numerate Bureau 1). However, these facts only s... ...ic category. Instead, they have the freedom to shift between different roles and characters. In Wests The Day of the Locust, the characters exhibit traits most closely cerebrate to these new types of Hollywood acto rs. Although he introduces them as types, he develops them throughout the novel with variable personalities. Todds emotions, for example, towards Faye range from sweetly romanticistic to vindictively dangerous. Yet, these variable personalities do not prove individuality, as the characters can all be labeled as characters, just like all actors are just actors at the end of every movie no matter what role they play. Unfortunately, Wests characters can never escape their fixed roles and established places in the narrative despite how often they attempt to change. They are forever stuck as modern actors in a 1930s Hollywood setting, and therein lies their tragedy. Hollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the Locust Essay -- NathanieHollywood and Nathaniel Wests The Day of the LocustWorks Cited MissingAlthough set in the 1930s, Nathanael Wests The Day of the Locust ironically resembles contemporary Hollywood. Within the glamorous setting of Hollywood, Wests characters take on multiple roles instead of assuming individual personalities. They put on and remove these imaginary personality masks, similar to those in the Commedia dellArte, to exhibit a range of emotions that only their character type would exhibit. Consequently, Wests characters are trapped in this restrictive atmosphere, especially at the end of the novel when they become part of a collective mob. In these manners, the characters in The Day of the Locust exhibit qualities akin to modern actors, proving that they are nothing more than a cast of personages rather than individuals. Hollywood is not simply a point on a map it is a representation of the human experience. As with any other location, though, Hollywoods history can be traced and analyzed up to present day. In 1887, Harvey Henderson Wilcox established a 120-acre ranch in an area northwest of Los Angeles, naming it Hollywood (Basinger 15). From then on, Hollywood grew from one mans family to over 5,000 people in 1910. By then, residents around the ranch incorporated it as a municipality, using the name Hollywood for their village. While they voted to become part of the Los Angeles district, their village was also attracting motion-picture companies drawn in by the diverse geography of the mountains and oceanside (15). The Los Angeles area continues to flourish, now containing over nine million people, an overwhelming statistic compared to Wilcoxs original, family unit (U.S. Census Bureau 1). However, these facts only s... ...ic category. Instead, they have the freedom to shift between different roles and characters. In Wests The Day of the Locust, the characters exhibit traits most closely linked to these new types of Hollywood actors. Although he introduces them as types, he develops them throughout the novel with variable personalities. Todds emotions, for example, towards Faye range from sweetly romantic to vindictively dangerous. Yet, these variable personalities do not prove individuality, as the c haracters can all be labeled as characters, just like all actors are just actors at the end of every movie no matter what role they play. Unfortunately, Wests characters can never escape their fixed roles and established places in the narrative despite how often they attempt to change. They are forever stuck as modern actors in a 1930s Hollywood setting, and therein lies their tragedy.

Moko Jumbie

Mock Jumble, I personally find, is the most phenomenal traditional book of facts as not only it is a tremendous sight to see but also the ability and skill that is required to portray such a gratifying character. More formally known as Stilt walker The Mock Jumble originated from West Africa. They had a God named Mock and the liberated slaves then added the word Jumble gist ghost. The heights of the stilts were seen as the ability to prognosticate evil quicker than ordinary men.The sticks that they balance upon are between ten to fifteen feet, this character cant simply perplex on a costume and play the role, he or she just require a certain level of training. Not only the astonishing talent to balance on these lingering sticks but the mock Jumble is able to dance while maintaining their profound balance. I have lived in Trinidad my entire bearing and in that location was never a carnival season that I didnt see tallest ane Mock Jumble parading the streets. They bring a sense o f enthusiasm to the festival.Seeing them in their luminously, radiant colors splendidly moving in time with the rhythm of the music. They usually wear lengthened pieces of velvet, which covers the sticks and bring out the oomph within at that place performance. Traditionally they wore a Jacket and an elaborate admiral hat but in modern days they are seen wearing cloth wrapped most there heads and instead of Jackets, cloth which flows elegantly down there pants or some that even have excess material attached to there hands are used In modern days.Mock Jumblers have a symbolic semblance sustained throughout the years In our culture. Whether seeing one In person for the fist time or again this carnival season I guarantee you will be nothing but mesmerisms. I hope one day I acquire the elite balance which Is required to run with the ball of this majestic art.

Death Penalty: Pros and Cons Essay

Capital penalization has been the center of much contr everyplacesy dating endorse to its origins. Although the roots of capital punishment can be traced as far back as 1697 BC, line of reasonings over its effectiveness and morality continue in the center of its existence today. There ar many state who have come up with arguments for both sides. Most people who believe that the devastation penalty is a fair punishment custom the argument, lex talionis, meaning, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, an arm for an arm, a life for a life. (Hooker). While most people who argon in opposition use the argument that capital punishment is a cruel and unusual punishment which violates the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution. Today, in the United States, there are approximately 3,624 people on remnant row. (Pro-death Penalty.com)Throughout history there have been many methods of executing criminals. Some of these methods are crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling and beheading. entirely more modern methods of capital punishment are typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, hanging or shooting. The argument over the brutality of capital punishment is at the head of topics concerning it as a whole.These arguments are excessively not only centered in The United States but all over the world as well. About 90 nations have denounced capital punishment by abolishing it, but almost an equal amount of nations stay on it (MSN Encarta). Capital punishment remains legal in all but twelve states. Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin all do not use the death penalty. (Pro-death Penalty.com)Many people feel that the death penalty is cruel as well as an ineffective crime deterrent. But the most successful argument that is used against the death penalty is that it infringes the eighth amendment to the United States Con stitution. Another argument against capital punishment is that people who are innocent may be killed. career without parole is one. A lengthy sentence with treatment, with release conditional upon proof of rehabilitation, is another (Williams). The people who are opposed to taking the life of a convicted withdrawer do not believe that premeditated, state-sanctioned killing is safeifiable under any circumstances.They also refute the idea that the death penalty deters crime. Some states say that a person will stopthemselves from killing or committing a crime if, in the back of their minds, they know that the punishment for their actions could be the death penalty. Statistics have shown that the states that use the death penalty have a higher crime rate than those with out it. The chance that a person who has been convicted of the death penalty is innocent is also a factor. This causes much controversy because innocent lives are taken and it could have been prevented. Lastly, oppon ents of the death penalty say that when the states execute killers in an attempt to proclaim that murder is wrong, they undermine their own, moral authority.On the other side of the argument, people claim that capital punishment is a deterrent for afterlife criminals, a proportionate punishment for those who have killed, and it is also said to be less harsh than life imprisonment because it is quick and instantaneous. Ernest Van den Haag contended that human beings are morally trustworthy for their actions and should therefore be punished accordingly for their crimes (Williams). The definition for justice is fair treatment (Stewart). In the case of premeditated murder, capital punishment is the only just punishment. Nothing less of the death penalty would be proportionate to murder. Immanuel Kant argues that even guilty-ridden killers should die in order to gain release from their anguish. (Williams) The fact that a convicted liquidator has the chance to live while their victim i s dead is unfair.Why is that they are able to take an innocent life and then live to tell roughly it? Execution is even more humane than sentencing someone to life in prison. Making the prisoner suffer by rotting in jail for the expect of their life is more torturous and inhumane than execution. The people who favor execution also claim that it is the most effective means of crime deterrence. Most people think about the consequences to their actions before they actually follow through with what they are thinking. Capital punishment not only punishes those who commit the crimes, but also prevents future crimes by scaring the would-be murderer with the consequence he would pay for his action. In the end, the main support for capital punishment comes from one Greek phrase, lex talionis, meaning, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, an arm for an arm, a life for a life.When it comes to capital punishment, most people find themselves wondering if it is a fair and effective punishmen t. Arguments for both sides are very strong. Those who oppose the death penalty fight against it because they think it is unfair and unjust. They also believe that no one should have their lives taken away as a punishment. They also believe that the argument that capital punishment is an effective deterrent to crime is invalid. Because only fractions of people on death row are actually executed, most criminals would take the chance.They also believe that life imprisonment is as much of a deterrent as the death penalty. People on the other end of the argument believe in criminals receiving equal punishment for the crime that they commit. The only punishment in proportion to murder is execution. The United States organization has many regulations regarding the death penalty. All of those rules oppose using the death penalty in an unfair manner, but do not prohibit the death penalty completely so we should try to use the death penalty for those who deserve it.Works CitedMSN Encarta En cyclopedia. (2003). Capital punishment. March 3, 2003 http//www.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761570630Stewart, G. (1998). The death penalty. San Diego Greenhaven Press Inc.Williams, M. (2000). Capital punishment. San Diego Greenhaven Press Inc.Williams, M. (2002). The death penalty. San Diego Greenhaven Press Inc.www.pro-death Penalty.com (2003).

Dash Diet Evaluation

Audrey Conn Special food Project 04/19/12 The crush Diet 1. The fodder I chose to follow is called the DASH provender. It stands for dietary approaches to stop hypertension (The Dash Diet Eating Plan, 2012). 2. The diet was cr take ined for people with hypertension. I followed the diet for troika days. Normally I dont think I would have had a paradox following this diet because I tend to eat the same foods already but situational factors affected my outcome. The combination of work and finals didnt give me adequate time to prepare meals.I tried my hardest to get the fruit, grains, and nuts/seeds/legumes servings in because those were the easiest to eat on the go. I followed that pretty well but I definitely didnt get all of my vegetable, hunt down eye/poultry/fish, or dairy servings in. 3. The general purpose of this diet is to prevent and control hypertension, also known as high blood gouge. Besides lowering blood pressure this diet aims to improve insulin sensitivity, lowe r cholesterol, reduce the risk of cancer, stroke, heart disease, kidney stones, and diabetes, and can also be used as a weight loss diet (The Dash Diet Eating Plan, 2012). . There are a few factors that could potentially make this diet difficult to follow. This diet calls for a lot of on the whole foods like fruit and vegetables and lean meat. Since this diet is specifically for hypertensive individuals processed foods are out of the question because they contain a large amount of sodium. This gunpoint could pose a problem to those with a hectic lifestyle. Many people dont have the time to cook or prepare fresh-cut foods. And others simply dont enjoy it. If a person isnt willing to avoid the convenience of processed foods than they cannot follow this diet.This also poses a problem for those that are in the lower class. Fresh fruits and vegetables are more expensive than processed foods and some may not be able to afford it. availableness of the fruits and vegetables could be a pr oblem as well. I didnt have a problem finding them but someone that doesnt live practiced a grocery might, or in an area that does not import out of season produce. Your education on nutrition might hinder your advantage with this diet. You need to know how to read nutrition labels, your calorie/nutritional needs, serving sizes for different foods, and food reparation. Luckily you can buy The DASH Diet act Plan book on the website that has a lot of helpful information, advice, and recipes. 5. The first difference is that the Dash Diet categorizes food into 7 groups opposed to 5 on the food guide pyramid. The diet separates legumes and meat into 2 different groups. The food guide pyramid also took out a fats and sweets category whereas the Dash Diet still includes it. The fruit, vegetable and dairy food groups were all very similar in serving size. Grain consumption was a couple servings higher(prenominal) in the Dash Diet.Over all protein was also a little higher because the diet puts legumes/seeds/nuts into a separate group. 6. The Dash Diet focuses on low sodium consumption, or more precisely, the correct amount of sodium consumption. The typical eating pattern includes more sodium than our body needs. This diet also has a higher fiber content than most people usually consume. 7. This diet plan is made for tenacious term use. It contains all the necessary vitamins and minerals that our body needs. As long as you switch up the variety in your foods you wont be lacking or consuming excessive nutrients. 8.Trying to fit enough lean meat and dairy into my diet was the biggest change I had to make. On average I probably get only 2 to 4 servings of lean meat/fish/poultry a week. Tuna was the easiest way for me to get the servings in. My lack of extra time would make this diet hard for me to follow well. My schedule is perpetually changing so preparing foods all the time would be a hassle. It is also more expensive to follow this diet than my typical eating hab its. Money isnt something I have a lot of. 9. If I had hypertension and was expected to follow this diet I dont think the transition would be that difficult.However, the transition would be easier if I had a scheduled time every day or every week that gave me time to prepare food and meals in bulk to save time. 10. I think Ill have a better understanding of what others go through when they have special diets. It can be a large inconvenience depending on your lifestyle. Ill also have an appreciation for those that have special diets and actually follow them. I had issues with just three days. Works Cited The Dash Diet Eating Plan. (2012, April). Retrieved from The DASH Diet http//dashdiet. org/

Chemistry Percent Composition Report

Percent Composition Report Hypothesis By using seperation techniques properly, the 3 substance such as water, sand, and season can be seperated and the percent study of each substance. Which will then be work upd theoritically and after comparison with the actual result, the accuracy of the 2 result can be found. Aim The aim of this experiment is to compargon the gravimetric result of the original mixture and the separated substance. The other objective is to calculate each percent composition of the substance that was in the mixture.Introduction Percent composition is about calculating the percentage of a specific substance in a mixture or compound. It is used mostly to calculate the percentage of an element in a compound using moles. To find percent composition in a mixture, the first thing need to be done is by using separation technique to separate the substances. In this experiment, by knowing that salt is soluble in water and salt do not, determining the technique that is to be used is not a difficulty anymore.Finding composition is also key in daily lives, such as finding impurities in a material such as gold. People have found that most golds are not completely composed of gold, but it is also composed of other elements which becomes an alloy. It involves basic mathematical calculation, but the percentage that is found can be in force(p) for the researcher depending on his intentions on what to do with it. Materials -Mixtures of sand and salt -Aquades -Filter paper Filter tunnel -Filtration apparatus -Stirer -Wired gauze -Beaker ProcedureThe beaker, evaporating disk, filter paper, and the mixture is charge using the provided equipment -Water is then added into the mixture which was in the beaker -The whole mixture that was poured by water is stired -The equipments for filtration was prepared -The mixture was poured to the filter paper and was allowed to be filtered -The sand residue was taken to the heater device to be heated overnight -Equipmen ts for the evaporation process is prepared beforehand -The filtrate was then heated, resulting only the salt as the water evaporizes -The sand was then weighted after a night Results Object name Mass (grams) Beaker 60Beaker + Mixtures 86. 3 Beaker + Mixtures+Water 102. 7 Water 16. 4 Mixtures 26. 3 Filter paper 0. 5 Evaporating disk 34. 8 Crystallized Salt 0. 87 Analysis Sand + salt + water = 25. 74 grams % composition % of salt % of sand % of Water Discussions -Gravimetric analysis can only be applied on the experiment if it involves mearusing the mass of the objects or substances that are used in the process -The cause of inaccuracy in this experiment could be the wrong measurement of the water added, the salt substance that didnt get soluted by the water because of the nitty-gritty of the salt is more that the solubility rate of water can take. avoid inaccuracy in the records, precise measurements of every single thing is required, concentration on the process, and slump mathe matical calculations. Conclusion Even if the inaccuracy of the gravimetric analysis is inevitable, the percent composition that can be pulled through the calculation gives us a better limn of how much each substance is in a mixture. Correct separation techniques are also used, which means separation process affects the result greatly.

Causes of Cold War

Causes of the Cold War The Cold War was a very dangerous period of business relationship that lasted from 1945 to 1991. The Cold War was started almost immediately after the surrender ing Ger some(prenominal) to the end of World War II there was a threat tot the major planet and its existence if this war was ever to be fought. Both upheld a great amount of resources into the expanding their soldiery readiness. It was more than a war between two countries, it was a war between different ideologies in fear of the government.In the united States a witch hunt was carried out against communists, as they feared that communism would take over the sylvan and in the Soviet Union concourse were fenced in by fear of the police and government and they were not free to travel abroad as m both escaped from the hard reigning regime (Artikkel). After World War II two great top executives emerged in the world. The world was split into two spheres, the westside and the East. The power in the We st rested in the hands of the United States and the power in the East the power rested in the Union of Soviet Socialist states.The USSR wanted to spread its ideal government, Communism in Eastern Europe and create a buffer zone as defense against all attacks by the U. S. (Capitalists) or by Germany. In 1946 Europe was split in two the West and East(western democracies and the United States and the Soviet Union and Soviet occupied territory). In Berlin, the capital of Germany a wall was erected to separate theWest the East side, The was known as the Iron Curtain, it was a symbolic of the treat each side mat up from the other. The U. S. and U. S. S.R. were as different as twenty-four hour period and night. Therefore neither trusted the other completely. A capitalist economy is based on cloak-and-dagger ownership, private profit and free competition, it encourages private individuals to own businesses and make profits (capitalism). On the other hand a communist economy is very dif ferent. The economy is controlled by the government and the countrys wealth and resources are owned by the state or government. The state controls and plans all economic activity so that everybody benefits (communism).During World War I and II, the USSR was invaded multiple times resulting in many russian casualties. The USSR began planning making sure they would be secure from any future attack or onset along the western border. Stalin, the USSR leader, decided to surround Russia with a buffer of friendly countries. The U. S. was afraid that the ideology of Communist would spread largely and vasty. When the USSR began attempting to improve its security by having satellite states, the U. S. saw this as an attempt by the USSR to spread the limit of Communism throughout the world.The United States had the nuclear bomb and soon after that Russia had a nuclear bomb also. Since neither side trusted the other and both wanted to extend their great ideology to the rest of the world, the C old War heated up up. Each side constantly believed the other wanted to destroy the other and felt the need to create a better military force. A military tension began between the two countries. The United States also expanded its navy, armed ships with new technology. Scientists were developing new weapons to aid this military buildup.Russia, too also built up their military as well. During this time period, while the Russians pushed the Germans out of their border, they also pushed inwards into Eastern Europe. Russia occupied many countries, making it easier for them to establish control and as they established controls in these areas, they gave the local Communist parties a lot of support. Thus, widened their influence in their countries and brought along Moscow-trained Communist leaders who had gone to the USSR during the war spreading the influence of Communism ((Artikkel).Meanwhile Stalin saw this as an opportunity to establish his ideal one-party governments in these countri es , he combined all allie government and removed their partners which were needed as the Communist Parties in the different countries were not strong enough on their own to gain the support of the people and govern the country. The USSR was now able to broaden and increase/maintain power in Eastern Europe, successfully forming the satellite states (Iron Curtain). The arms race had a different result on the economies for each country.The US experienced great economic expansion, new companies were founded by the people to supply the needs of the military. More money was being pumped into the society and as people received more money, they wanted choices how to spend their money. So businesses that expanded this economies expansion. Resources were diverted from one area to provide for the expansion of the military. Since the government owned everything, new companies organise took resources from other areas of their economy.The military expansion robbed resources the provided needs for the needs of the people hence the result was a shortage of food and other necessary goods for the day to day survival. The arms race resulted in a contraction of the Russian economy. In June 1947, the Marshall Plan was put into effect in order to stop the Russians from influencing any of the weakened western powers(Marshall). Meanwhile the United States sent billions of dollars to help aid to Europe democracies and rebuild vastly reducing the influence of Communism. This brought back Western Germany and rebuilt it as a new ally in USs fight against USSR.As a result of Russia rejection of aid to Marshall Plan, East Germany was not completely rebuilt, the escape of reconstruction showed and also during its reunification. The Communists never paid for all of the reconstruction cost while Germanys economy did taking big hit in their economy. The Truman Doctrine, a plan to help states going through a struggle for freedom against their oppressors, was instituted in 1948. President Tr uman said, I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures (Truman). Communism was only allowed to areas already under Soviet control, and Americans would resist Soviet expansion everywhere else. The Truman Doctrine could not have been more clearly directed towards East Germany and, technically, West Germany (Truman). Germany was still under the power of an outside force and also under the power the Deutsches Demokratische Republik. In 1949 the Allies made good on what they promised in the Truman Doctrine and unified West Germany into the BDR (Federal Republic of Germany) and also the Russians instituted the DDR, which turned out to be more of a regime than a government (Truman).

Case Study of Stock Management System

In effect this means getting the pass up product to the customer in the repair place at the right time. When talking ab let out the customer it is important to distinguish between the customer in the street i.e. general public, and the customer, the trader, who is buying the goods to sell on at each level. The term logistics applies to tout ensemble customers but we are applying the term to the trader for the benefit of this written report.In recent years, focus upon logistics has become of paramount importance at all levels of trade and has become a major emphasis in large-scale retail, especially those with a high and fast turnover i.e. supermarkets.This is glistened in recent reportsA prime objective of any business should be constantly to seek ways of reducing the total costs of sufferership while lowering their own costsKCost of ownership is the costs above those charged, for debunk case, inventory carrying, warehousing and handling, ordering and quality inspection. To minimalise these costs, large-scale retailers have spent great deals of silver upon centralized dribble distribution and computerized inventory management carcasss, to try and gain a competitive market advantage. Centralized subscriber line distribution involves using ane as opposed to many warehouses to distribute stock for more efficient transportation. Inventory management schemes automate many of the tasks involved in the control of stock and reordering.Without effective distribution and effective inventory management systems, other activities and functions carried out within the company whitethorn at best, fail to be optimized and, at worst, be rendered a waist of time if time. in that locationfore no money and (or) time saved in the long term.Leaders of these management systems include the likes of J. Sinsbury, Tesco, Asda, Iceland and Safeway, the case study I shall discuss in this piece of coursework.Safeway has a sales base ordering inventory management system, known as Stock Management common chord (SMIII), introduced in 1992/3. This was fully implemented to centrally distribute many of their product ranges, including grocery, beers, wines and spirits and non-food department items.SMIIIs aim was to improve the accuracy of stock say in the stocks, reducing the number of out of stock produce and therefor creating sales maximization. Moreover reducing wastage, reducing backstocks and creating a consistency in merchandising practices.SMIII uses data collected in each store to work out the sales forecast for each product using the store inventory. It then converts these quantities for ordering. These processes commit on data input for accuracy. There are six key concepts involved in this process.Firstly, the sales forecast. Line by line information on sales is built up at the curtailout. A forecast of how much more stock is likely to be required is then calculated for succeeding(a) ordering periods.The demand is calculated using specific para meters for each line. The system must take into account how much stock the store already has the seat allocated for each product the code life of products (when they become out-of-date) outstanding deliveries sales opportunities ( processions etc.) and current business policies. The system allow for then calculate how much stock is needed for sales and the amount needed to fill the shelves.Case Rounding rules are needed to convert the two figures, that of sales and to fill the shelf, for ordering. This is quite simple. The system will always order enough stock to fulfil the sales. It then decides according to the amount of shelf space, whether to round up or down to the closest case to fill the shelves.It must be storied that the accuracy of the orders generated by the system is only as good as the data input. Data is obtained from a number of sources, therefor it relies upon each department or share getting its part of the process correct. The departments are responsible for e ntering product and item case information into SMIII and processing stock as followsTrading ranging, space allocation, units per outer (UPO), data integrity.Supply chain supply to depot, optimum lead times, data integrity. dispersal manner of speaking of right stock to store at right time.Store replenishing shelves, s quarterning, accurate bookstocks.If any one of these items is omitted then the process will fail. These above activities consider the inventory and range, the two key aspects of SMIII.The system relies on accurate inventory data. Most item movement is updated automatically deliveries through the companies central distribution system and sales captured by scanning at the checkouts. The store though is required to inform SMIII of any stock that enters or leaves the store through other channels. For example spoilage inter-store transfers inter-departmental transfers (e.g. purchases for the staff restaurant) cross-picks (stock delivered but non ordered and vice versa) quality control ( disabilityd stock that is not offered for sale).Moreover stores take a bookstock check.. This is where a check is undertaken for any product out of stock, or where stock levels are exceptionally high or low. If the bookstock is inaccurate, the system is informed, improving the accuracy of the next order.The range refers to the factual range of products the store holds. For instance, a smaller in-town supermarket will not supply the array of products that an out-of-town hypermarket will stock. Stocking plans are determined by the trading division and are transmitted to the store where they are accepted into the store range. Stores are required to carry the full range of products within their plan size. This is an important fixings because it shows that stores are not allowed to delete products from the range. They are however allowed to change the space allocated to a product.SMIII calculates the optimum sum of money of stock required to cover expected sales, sa fety stock levels (in cases where sales outstrip forecast) and stock levels required to maintain shelf presentation standards. In the case of groceries and long life products if accurate fill and count information is not correctly input into the system by the store, shelf presentation may be actuateed and, moreover, out of stocks or high back-stocks may occur.Through these factors the, sales forecast is achieved. Inaccurate sales forecasts will result in incorrect orders being generated. This could result in out of stocks, excessive back-stocks and/or unnecessary wastage. The above factors must, in tern be undertaken accurately. To achieve this the store must enforce a number of disciplines throughout, from stockroom level i.e. tidy, with stock in correct place to maximize stock level efficiency. Through to daily checks for out-of-date goods, and ensuring shelf space is allotted correctly and displays are correct.A mid- sunup inspection of a Safeway supermarket has been undertake n. There were a number of factors that can be seen as unsatisfactory from the stores point of view. I shall undertake to identify theses and solve them with minimum disruption to the store.There were a number of problems with the produce department.Firstly presentation was poor in a number of the commodity groups such as root vegetables and loose apples. If the display does not look good or is not up to a reasonable standard, this can affect the customers discussion to buy, this could affect prevision levels especially if it occurred on more than one occasion. If the produce looks bad on a number of occasions it could affect the customers decision to shop at the store in the long term.Moreover, If the displays are not full this may jeopardize the SMIIIs calculation of quantities reordered as it runs on the assumption that the shelves are always optimally filled. Therefore sales cannot be maximized as the space allocation is not being followed. Finally it can be seen that if the dis play is bad this could mean that more or less of the produce is being caused damage unnecessarily. Creating wastage and again potentially affecting the customers decision to buy.This needs to be sorted out quickly and efficiently, although not at a busy time, as from experience it can be off-putting trying to shop when people are filling the shelves. Moreover it must be noted that blame should not necessarily be rested upon anyone due to it being a mid-morning inspection on a Friday a popular day for the hebdomadary shop, the morning probably being the busiest time especially just after the school run. It is quite assertable and probable that the poor display is due to the morning rush of customers.There was only one item out of stock, cauliflower due to a delivery shortage at the depot. Obviously nothing can be done about this at store level. But this information needs to be input into the SMIII to keep the store inventory updated so that this will be taken into account when fore casting. This reflects well on the produce department as the whole range other than this is shown giving people the most possible choice. There are wider implications for an out of stock item in a situation where there are two competing supermarkets. If a different item on someones shopping list is out of stock each week, it may be a factor in persuading them to shop elsewhere.The produce delivery was being worked and the shelves were in the process of being stocked. Although this may cause shoppers some inconvenience it shows that the department is keeping the stock rolling, maximizing space used in line with the SMIII thinking. Deliveries though should ideally arive and be sorted before opening to minimise inconvenience for both the shopper and staff, as it is easier to attend to the task in an empty shop.Product quality was generally good, although a number of grapefruit, which were below standard, were now being removed. These grapefruit must then be counted and entered into th e system to update the inventory for forecasting. It can be seen as good that the bad fruit were being removed, but bad stock must always be removed as soon as possible as customers will notice and may be put off buying. In a wider aspect though, peradventure stockholding levels should be looked at as they may have been in the store too long due to excess stock. This could also be damage through bad storage or transportation, which would need looking into if it recurred continuously.Overall it can be seen that bad stock, shortages and displays should be checked regularly and sorted out as soon as possible. People look at these factors when making buying decisions. This is concerned with relationship marketing where there should be a play off focus on total quality and service as a source of customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction ensures better customer retention and therefor greater profitability.The customer can be put off by too many staff filling shelves as it can distrac t from the cheer of being able to browse whilst shopping. Therefor a balance must be found.The forecasting potential was good in the produce section as long as out of stock and wastage was entered into the SMIII system. Otherwise stockholding levels could be affected especially with the non-full lines. Moreover the presentation must be kept to a high standard as this may affect peoples opinion of the shop and therefore customer loyalty.The grocery department had three main problem areas.The promotional point of sale was missing from an on-shelf promotion on the tea/coffee section. This is a major problem as it would have a great affect on the forecasting. The store would expect to sell more of this product through the promotion, and therefor have ordered in more to compensate. Sales would not reflect the expected response to the promotion, as people would be unaware of it. This needs to be rectified as soon as possible and the system notified as the anticipated extra demand would n ot be apparent. This would affect forecasting and therefore future orders potentially causing a shortage once the promotion was displayed.Loose stock was stacked behind other adjacent products on the soup section and appeared to have been there for several weeks. This reflects bad organization. Stock may not be noticed by the customer and space allocation disrupted. Space for the stock is allocated so that the system can accurately forecast the quantity of goods required to both fill the shelf and for sales. Using the space incorrectly can affect stockholding levels due to the amount predicted to be on the shelves and in storage.Although actual recording of sales will not be affected, it must be noted that sales could be, if the product namely soup couldnt be found. This needs to be sorted out immediately, and could possibly reflect a lack of motivation in store, as the shelves were not stacked correctly. It also reflects sternly on myself as acting manger, as this problem appeared to have been so for weeks. Store inspections must be held regularly to ensure this type of problem does not occur.

The Background of Ingvar Kamprad

Im gonna talk about Ingvar Kamprad. He was born thirtiethMars, 1926 in Kronobergs municipality. Hes a Swedish entrepreneur and founder of the furniture chain IKEA. Ingvar founded IKEA in 1943 and the name stands for his initials and address. Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd, Agunnaryd. (Write up on whiteboard. ) Kamprad is currently rank as one of the wealthiest people in the world. In July 2012, the time script Bloomberg estimated that his net worth was up to 42. 6 billion dollars, which makes him the 5th richest person in the world.Kamprad was born in Pjatteryd, Sweden. He was raised on a farm called Elmtaryd near the small village of Agunnaryd in Ljungby municipality in the province of Smaland. His grandfather was from Germany only moved to Sweden with his family. Kamprad is very well-known for his cheapness. He drives a 1993 Volvo 240, flies only economic class and encourages IKEA employees always to write on both sides of a gentlemans gentleman of paper. Kamprad explains his socia l philosophy like this Testament of a Furniture Dealer It is not only for cost reasons that we avoid the luxury hotels.We dont indispensability flashy cars, impressive titles, uniforms or other status symbols. We rely on our strength and our will Kamprad began to develop a business as a unexampled boy, merchandising matches to neighbors from his bicycle. He found that he could buy matches in bulk very cheap from Stockholm, sell them himself and make a good profit. From matches, he started selling fish, Christmas tree decorations and seeds. And now Im gonna talk about the history of IKEA.As I mentioned earlier, Kamprad started selling matches at the age of five and by the age of septet he started selling further from his home, using his bicycle. In the 1940s Kamprad started developing IKEA into a furniture retailer. In the 1960s IKEA started getting bigger and the big products much(prenominal) as POANG and BILLY started developing. In the 1980s IKEA expands into new markets in U SA, Italy, France and the UK. In 1990s childrens IKEA is introduced, and in 2000s IKEA expands into even more markets such as Japan and Russia.And now Im going to talk about the qualities of Ingvar Kamprad as an entrepreneur. Well, one thing that I find very important is the accompaniment that he actually shows that even though youre extremely rich, you still dont have to live a glamorous life. As Ive mentioned, he drives an old Volvo and travels economic class. By this it encourages the employees to do the same thing, to live cheap. And this is why I think IKEAs been such a huge success. You cornerstone of course argue that hes been at the right place at the right time, but I think thats his kind of olfactory property that moves the company forward. Thank you.

Job Satisfaction and Employee Motivation

cloy trigger.. 2 *Literature Review *2 *Empirica*l case *.. *. *7* Google *. *. *. *7 * discourse. *. *.. * *Conclusion & Recommendation. *11 *References.. *13 A Critical analysis of break- incite a case fill based on Google Inc. Introduction _Motivating mess is easy provided incite bulk to hold up to the stovepipe of their abilities and directing their efforts to the goals of the organisation ar the real issues and that is certainly not always easy Mullins, L. J ( steering and organisational behaviour, Pg 406, fifth Ed)_ This paper blesss an grounds of the term _Motivation_.The term is used almost every twenty-four hours of our lives but not every mavin enjoy what it takes to actu eithery practise motivating. In this case, I would be explaining in inside information what pauperism is all round, the objectives of motivating an individual in a certain way and how the overall transaction is affected. I would also be testing few motivational theories in an empirica l case (Google). Here, I hope to identify the flexing style at Google the character of work, employees and the environment, what runs and de- displaces employees and engineers at work.Organisations claim that their biggest asset or their major sources of competitive advantage be their employees but most organisations do not know how to motivate their employees. Research has shown that different organisations apply different style of motivation. We would analyse these empirical cases with the motivational theories discussed in the literary productions review and also analyse key motivational cistrons associated with our empirical case. This would lead to my conclusion and recommendation on how to effectively motivate employee to increase productivity and surgical operation. A Review on Motivation and its theoriesWork motivation and employee gratification plays a more central role in the cogitation of perplexity hypothetically and much and it is thus one of the most importa nt operators affecting employee behaviour and performance. Managers attach great richness to this pattern of heed in organisational settings as an effective motivational practice on employee(s) lead to organisational effectiveness in different levels. The following(a) question we heap ask ourselves is what is motivation? The concept of motivation refers to internal factors that motivate actions and external factors that can act as inducements to those actions Locke, E.A & Latham, G. P. (2004). This has being the universal definition of motivation but certain authors and researchers have aimed at giving the simplest definition to this concept. Mullins, L. J defines motivation as the direction and industry of action (Pg 406, fifth Ed). Mullins went further to suggest that motivation is come to, basically, with why people behave in a certain way, why people choose a particular course of action in gustatory sensing to others and why they continue with a chosen action, often over a long period and in the face of catchyies and problems (pg 406, 5th ed).Atkinson defines motivation as different factors that combine at a particular period to influence the eon, vigour, and persistence of an individuals behaviour in a given home (pp2, 1964). The one-third tantrums of gentlemans gentleman actions which can be affected by motivation argon intensity (effort), direction (choice) and duration (persistence) and coup take with experience and ability leads to effective performance Jindal-Snape & Snape, J. B (2006). Motivation, as a concept of perplexity is coarse in character and indeed permeates many of the sub- athletic field that compose the study of management e. . leadership, teams, performance management, managerial ethics, decision making and organisation change Steers, R. M & Mowday, T. R & Shapiro, D. L (2004) and this is the reason why this case has attracted attentions from different authors and researchers in the past years. This has also led to the pro define of theories to support this managerial concept i. e. motivation. These theories are referred to as motivational theories. There are so many theories on motivation, each acting as a competitor to the other on attempt to best explain the temper of motivation.Within the vast number of theories, whatever are built on economic knowledge with a psychological perceptiveness (Maslow, 1943) and so forth Mullins, L. J suggests that all these theories are at least partially true and all military service explain the behaviour of certain people at certain times but however, the search for a generalized supposition on motivation at work appears to be in vain (Pg 414, 5th Ed). It is indeed because of the fact that there are no generalized or single solutions as to what motivates people or individual in organisation, that there are different theories on motivation.These theories are so dual-lane into those concerned with identifying the call for toward which behaviour(s) is d irected content theory and those that are concerned with the dynamic, psychical processes that lead to individuals following(a) certain goals rather than others process theory Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). Abraham Maslow proposed the most influential and widely recognised theory of motivation. The Maslow theory of inescapably (1943) is the one of the widely discussed theories of motivation having proposed the pecking order of postulate.He proposed that individuals are requisiteing beings, who always want more and what they want depends on what they already have and these demands are arranged fit in to its immenseness in levels, hence the hierarchy of needs drawframe Maslows hierarchy of needs (1943) Jindal-Snape and Snape (2006) suggests that according to this hierarchy, each need can act as a motivator, provided all needs lower in the hierarchy are satisfied and a satisfied need no longer act as a starchy motivator.This goes to explain why individuals/employees who are not satisfied at their current position would be do to put in more efforts until their needs are satisfied. Maslow argued that the showtime leash needs on the list represent deficiency needs that people must master before they can develop into a healthy person-to-personity, while the last both represent the growth needs that extend to to individual achievements and development of human potentials Steers, R. M et al (2006).Mullins evaluated Maslows theory of needs by suggesting that individuals draw close up the hierarchy as each lower-level needs becomes satisfied and therefore, managers must pay attention to the next higher level of needs in other to motivate employees if there is a change in behaviour (Pg 418, 5th ed). Abraham Maslows theory (1943) attracted criticism Wahba, A & Bridgewell, L (1976) for the existence of a definite hierarchy of need. In 1972, Clayton Alderfer modified Maslows hierarchy of needs model. He summarized the hierarchy of needs into a framework of three different classes of needs known as ERG Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006).Existence needs, which entangle nutritional and clobber requirements. At work places, working conditions and pay/ remuneration fall into this type of need Relatedness needs, which are met by means of traffichip with family and friends and at work places, relationship with fellow colleagues and managers. Growth needs which reflect desire for personal psychological development Fincham and Rhodes suggest that Clayton Alderfer (1972) theory differs in number of important respects to Maslows hierarchy of needs (pg 198, quaternate Ed).They went further to say that while Maslow proposed a progression up the hierarchy, Alderfer argued that it was infract to cogitate in terms of a continuum, from concrete (existence needs) to least concrete (growth needs) and it is possible to move along it in either directions (pg 198, 4th Ed). This means that if an individuals need e. g. growth needs seem difficult to fulfil, that creates a frustration regression that forces a shift to another need e. g. relatedness needs.Jindal-Snape and Snape suggested that ERG theory differs from Maslows hierarchy of needs in that it does not assume that a need is only activated if it is deficient and two needs could operate at the same time in motivational practice. Fredrick Herzberg (1966) was accredited as the start unitedly of the second, highly influential theory to have evolved after Maslows. Unlike Maslow and Alderfer, Herzbergs work was based on research where he interviewed professionals from different companies, this work he called the Herzbergs two-factor theory. This theory consists of two factors noted from his interviews.Factors that led to employee dissatisfaction, he called de-motivators or hygiene factors while factors that led to individual/employee satisfaction, he called motivators. Fincham and Rhodes suggest that motivators involved achievements, advancement, intelligence, indecorum and other intrinsic aspect of work that represent sources of satisfaction and if absent leads to dissatisfaction while the other concerned with working conditions, salary, mull security, company policy, supervisors and interpersonal relations and other sources of extrinsic aspect of work were sources of dissatisfaction (pg 199, 4th ed).Herzbergs two factor theory are also referred to as intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors and it has being highly influential and practised. Herzberg deserves credit for introducing the field to the role of job material body specifically, job enrichment as a key factor in work motivation and job attitudes Steers, M. R et al (2004). Herzbergs two factor theory are not to be confused as being blow of each other as Wilson, F. M suggests that the opposite of job satisfaction is no job satisfaction while the opposite of job dissatisfaction is no job dissatisfaction (Pg148, 2nd Ed). some other motivational theorist was David McClelland (1992). He based his work on the personality of individuals Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006). He identified four main motives The achievement motive, explains our concerns for doing things better than others Power motives, desire to influence others Need for affiliation, desire to establish and have a positive relationships with people around us. Avoidance motives Very often, we hardly recognize the latter one as the pass by three are the most important.Mullins suggests that the first three motives correspond to Maslows self-importance-actualisation, esteem and love needs (Pg 425, 5th ed) while Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) suggests that although everyone has all needs, the strength of each need for each individual is different. They went further to say that these needs are innate and are developed relatively early in life and they remain unchanged. These motivational theories mentioned supra all fall into the content theory of motivation, we have identified and elaborated on them. I would now move ahead to briefly identify some of the process theory of motivation.I willing not be going into detail with the process theory of motivation as it wouldnt be needed for the latter stages of this study. Process theories also called the cognitive theories aim at identifying the relationships among the dynamic variable which limit up motivation and the actions required to influence behaviour and actions Mullins, L. J ( worry and organisational behaviour, Pg 426, 5th Ed). Mullins suggests that it provides further contribution to our disposition of the complex nature of motivation (Pg 426, 5th Ed).Very few motivational theories fall into the category and some of these theories are Vways Expectancy theory proposed by Vroom. V (1964) and then revised together with Lawler, E. & Porter, L. (1968). Goal setting theory proposed by Locke, E. A (1960s) has emerged as one of the modernised way of motivating employees Wiley (1997). This theory emerged as researchers began to produce that simple act of s pecifying target for behaviour enhanced task performance Steers, R. M et al (2004). Locke (1968) suggests that the logic of goal setting theory is that an employees conscious intentions i. . the goals are primary winding determinants of task-related motivation since goals are instruments that direct our thoughts and actions. Results of goals/self-regulation research indicate two critical preconditions of a positive goal-performance feedback betrothal of goals assignment and provisions for performance feedback Wiley (1997). An Empirical Case Having discussed and understood what motivation and the related theories are all about, the next step is to identify how applicable these theories are in a real life situation especially for the purpose of this case study.Jindal-Snape and Snape (2006) suggest that to answer this sort of questions, we first need to consider the nature of the work and the environment, and then the nature of these workers themselves. About Google Google Inc. is an American public corporation. 1Founded in 1998, Google runs the worlds most popular net search engine. Its position has earned the organisation huge profits and given it large influence over the online world.It is also known for the quirky corporate culture created by its billionaire co-founder, Larry Page and Sergey Brin which includes a chaotic, campus-like atmosphere at its offices, where workers are pampered with vindicate, chef-prepared food and other amenities. My research environment (Google) is highly technology-driven and we all know that engineers enjoy a lot of trust, creative thinking and power which is very different from most jobs at a more product-driven company. Firstly, I would be giving a proper definition of what engineering is all about, the nature of engineers and what motivates them.Engineers are people who are qualified, trained professionally to engage in various branches of engineering. Wen, C. K (2007) suggests that engineers are normally assigned to pr oblems and a specific set of goals and constraints they find technical solution to the problem that satisfies these goals inwardly those constraints and these goals and constraints may be technical, social or business related. Engineers solve practical problems with the aid of technological tools, numerical and scientific knowledge which they possess.They are often confused with scientist Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) but in essence, scientist explore nature to discover undiscovered principals while engineers apply these principles coupled with technological knowledge to solve technical problems. In the field of engineering, engineers are chiefly cause by two most important factors innovation and creativity. Engineering involves creativity as it gives engineers the freedom to engage in self-driven tasks. This can act as a very strong intrinsic motivation which it corresponds to Herzbergs motivator in his two theories (1966). Vere, I. 2009) argues that it is implicit that creativity is integral to design innovation, and that design and the fostering of creativity should be the cornerstone of engineering pedagogy. Further, Vere, I. D suggests that creativity is of paramount importance in the engineering practice as it endows one with the insight and discipline to seek out and target problems from the boundaries of different engineering disciplines. For engineers, innovation leads to an awareness of self-importance which corresponds to esteem needs on Maslows (1943) hierarchy of needs. Innovation and innovativeness leads to recognition Herzbergs two-factor theory (1966).Innovation leads to advancement which creates challenges as Jindal-Snape & Snape suggest that the rate at which science and technology are advancing provides a different set of challenges and if these engineers were to stay on top of their game, access to up-to-date equipments must be necessary and at hand. Engineers are also highly motivated through with(predicate) feedbacks on their innovatio n and products, an assured link amidst their efforts and outcome Jindal-Snape & Snape (2006) and researchers have also shown that this field of occupation are highly motivated by intrinsic factors than extrinsic factors.Having said all this, we would be looking at some secondary empirical data from ex-googlers relating to employees satisfaction, problem encountered with aim at exploring and identifying the perception of these engineers regarding the factors that motivate them. I would be discussing ways on how such problems could be minimized, motivational schemes that can be put in place to eliminate such problems. According to a blog 2 posted by an ex-googler stating his reasons why he left the search giants, he states andI quote For one thing, it was unlikely to initially be able to work in an area that one was passionate _about, the products and team where all kindle and exciting to work with but unfortunately, I was unable to be passionate about my particular area. This becam e less(prenominal) of an issue as time went by but for experienced engineers that have good knowledge and understanding of what they want and what sort of things they enjoy working on, this could lead to job dissatisfaction. The same engineer and ex-googler as above went further to say that due to sheer size of code base and vast number of Googles specific tools and frameworks it also takes very long time to learn how to very become productive at Google, which can be very annoying, frustrating and de-motivating at times. Another mesh blog 3 from an engineer and ex-googler reports his insights about what it was really like working for Google.This particular engineer who now works for Microsoft reports that the lava lamps, organic dinner and free shuttle hygiene factor (Herzbergs two-factor theory, 1966) put in place to act as a source of motivation lies a company where employees end up working long hours, dont enjoy private offices and get paid less. He also highlighted some de-mot ivators working for Google. _Employees are generally in the building working long hours between 10am to 6pm and after that, most engineers spend most of their eve working from home. There are employees whose desks are literally in the hallway.Google does not place any encourage on past or previous industry experience but puts tremendous values on degrees especially from Stanford. Employees actually get paid less salary compared to the amount of effort put in and the quality of the health insurance is not above standards. Most employees dont actually get a 20percent compute and managers will not remind you to start one. _ According to another internet source 4, a 20percent project is an allocation of 20percent time to every engineer and employee at Google to work on side projects and indeed great innovation come out from this provision of 20percent time e. g. -mail, Google news etc. Very few internet blogs from ex-googlers show job dissatisfaction at Google while most internet blo gs and videos indeed agree that Google is indeed a very unique place to work. Engineers and employees agree that the organisation provides everything they needed to work with and be productive but its up to them i. e. the engineers to take that extra mile. We have understood the theoretical aspect of motivation and we have seen some empirical cases of engineers and ex-googlers. no, I would be analysing these empirical cases with some of the motivational theories discussed above to form a conclusion.Extrinsic Factors/Hygiene Factors (Herzberg, 1966) These factors provide less or no motivation to employees but the absence of these factors leads to a dissatisfaction in work places. In organisations, managers perceive extrinsic motivation as a motivator but in essence, they are not real motivators, rather they support the mental ability and health of these employees. Such factors include wages, benefits, company policies and administrative rules and regulation governing these employees , interpersonal relations with fellow colleagues, supervisors and subordinates, good working conditions and security.From one of the blogs above, we observed an engineer and ex-googler who was dissatisfied with the nature of the job. He emphasize on long working hours and less salary paid which does not compensate for the long hours of working. earliest management theories such as Fredrick W. Taylors scientific management theory suggested using financial wages to impel motivation and job performance Wiley (1997). Wiley also suggested that while controversies persisted, pay or good wages is generally valued by all employees and good wages continues to be ranked among the top tail fin factors that motivate people in their respective jobs.Also, according to Maslows hierarchy of needs (1943), psychological needs are said to be the first and most important need to be satisfied and in other to satisfy this needs, good or satisfactory wage has to be paid to employees to ensure maximum productivity. This same employee identified poor working conditions as another factor that contributed to his dissatisfaction. He brought to our attention that some employees have their office desk literally on the hallway due to the fact that there were less room available. He also made mention of the companys health insurance which was not up to standard.These factors constitute to employee dissatisfaction and change in behaviour and attitude towards work. This also corresponds with Clayton Alderfers (1972) existence needs which include material requirements, good working conditions and substantial pay. For these employees to work effectively and productively, this need has to be satisfied but not as much as their intrinsic needs if there exists any. Extrinsic factors could be a source of motivation for these engineers unlike scientists Jinda-Snape & Snape (2006) where salaries, incentive schemes, prospects for promotion and other extrinsic factors were not considered as motivatin g factors.Intrinsic factors/Motivators (Herzberg 1966) Motivational factors (Herzberg, 1966) are factors which build strong motivation and create a high job satisfaction for employees and they are directly related to the job content of any employee. Absence or falloff in level of these motivations is sure to affect the level of employee satisfaction. An observation in the internet blog from an ex-googler identifies this factor as a major contributor of his dissatisfaction at Google. He states that he was no allowed to work in an area that he was passionate about, leading to dissatisfaction.Herzbergs two-factor theory (1966) mentions autonomy or having a responsibility as an employee to undertake personal tasks leads to job satisfaction. This need to work where one is passionate about leads to self development and achievement and this relates to Clayton Alderfers (1972) growth need reflecting the desire for ones personal development. From the internet blog described above, the ex-g oogler and employee reports that Google does not place value on past experience. I think this tilt relates to the need for recognition (Herzberg, 1966) and the need for achievement (David McClelland, 1992).These two needs both represent intrinsic factors that motivate engineers. They want to be recognized for their individual achievements as well as scientist (Jindal-Snape & Snape, 2006). Another intrinsic factor which motivates employees and engineers at Google is the nature of innovation and being innovative. From a video posted on the internet on life at Google, engineers are allocated personal time to engage in self-driven tasks which leads to side projects and occasionally change into innovations.From the blog above, we observed that an engineer was dissatisfied due to the fact that most employees do not actually get that 20percent project and managers do not remind them to start one. This also relates to Clayton Alderfers (1972) growth need and desire for personal developmen t. Analysis of Google key motivational factor Google seems to be aware of what motivates its employee to their best at work, the need to customize and individualize programs for motivation and intrinsic rewards.Individualization defines human beings as unique in different ways and Google accomplishes this individuation by allowing each engineer in the company take one day a week to work on personal related projects. This is the ultimate in individualization because it not only gives the employee the choice of choosing any projects but allows autonomy and independence in management of the project growth needs (Clayton Alderfer, 1972). Google also identifies what motivates its employee through communicating with them and because of this communication that they are able to motivate employees through intrinsic rewards.Conclusion and recommendations Over the past years, there have been numerous surveys on what motivates employees to do their best work and in other to attain to high leve ls of performance employers depend on their employees to perform at levels that positively affect the bottom line Wiley (1997). We have learnt that the various theories of motivation discussed in my literature review have various applications in managerial practices. When applying these theories practically, managers must take into consideration how each employee feel and defend to their work.These employee feelings and reaction are based on their personality, characteristics, need pattern and values. It also depends on the job component, nature and role of the job, the autonomy and skills in executing the task. Managers must consider both intrinsic and extrinsic aspect of the task and apply various motivational theories when suitable. When motivating these employees with intrinsic factors, managers and employers must show appreciation and give credit to employees for their work and always praise for a job well-done Wiley (1997).Wiley also suggest that recognition and praise are pr obably the most powerful and efficient, yet the least costly motivational tool. Another intrinsic motivational tool that managers should apply is autonomy and employee independence. This creates a sense of moral respect for an employees action towards their work and creates a huge motivation and job satisfaction. Google managers should allow engineers take on projects that they are passionate about. This freedom to participate on self-driven task would create job satisfaction as human being enjoy what they love doing.Extrinsic factors are related to the content or environment in which the job is executed. Mangers and employers must ensure that employees get satisfactory wage to cater for their psychological needs which is first on the order of hierarchy, ensure that there are good working conditions, provision of tangible rewards and interference fringe benefits, job security, job re-design and promotion offered to act as source of motivation to employees. Promotion and growth in t he organisation and interesting work are longstanding factors that motivate people to do their best work.Employers and managers should advance with their employees often to identify their personal needs. Employee survey should be used to gain additional information from employees regarding motivational preferences and this is often what they value and lack. Wiley further suggest that if organisations adequately and regularly administer such surveys and consider their results, then perhaps they would gain a great deal on competitive advantage through motivated and productive employees. Reference Alderfer, C. P (1972) Existence, Relatedness and Growth Human needs in Organisational settings.The Free Press, New York. Atkinson, J. W. (1964) Introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ Van Nostrand Cardona, P & Lawrence, B. S & Espejo, A. (2003) Outcome-based theory of work motivation. Working paper No. 495. University of Navarra, Spain. Delfgaauw, J & Dur, R. (2004) Incentives and workers motivation in the public sector. CESIFO working paper No. 1223. Ellers, N & Gilder, D. D & Haslam, S. A. (2004) Motivating individuals and groups at work A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 459-478 Fincham, R & Rhodes, P. 2005) Principals of organisational behaviour. 4th Edition. Oxford University Press Inc. , New York. Herzberg, F. (1966) Work and the nature of man, World publishing co. , Cleveland, OH. Jindal-Snape, D & Snape, J. B (2006) Motivation of scientists in a government research institute Scientists perception and the role of management. ledger of management decision. Vol 44 No 10, pp. 1325-1343. Kanfer, R & Ackerman, P. L. (2004) Aging, adult development and work motivation. Academy of management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 440-458. Locke, E. A & Latham, G. P (2004) What should we do about motivation theory?Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 388-403. Maslow, A. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, Vol. 50, No. 4 , pp. 370-96. Maslow, A. H. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York harpist & Row. Mullins, L. J (1999) Management and organisational behaviour. 5th Edition. FT Prentice hall Osterloh, M & Frey, B. S (1999) Motivation, Knowledge transference and organisational form. Institute for empirical research in economics. University of Zurich. Price, D. (2007) A comparative Review of attributes of engineers in senior management roles.A Dissertation submitted to the faculty of engineering and surveying. University of Southern Queensland. Seo, G & Barraett, L. F & Bartunek, J. M (2004) The role of emotional experience in work motivation. Academy of Management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 423-439 Steen, E. V (2006) The limits of authority Motivation versus Coordination. MIT Sloan initiate of management. Working paper 4626-06 Steers, R. M & Mowday, R. T & Shapiro, D. L (2004) The future of work mo tivation theory. Academy of Management review, Vol. 29, No. 3, 379-387. Van Herpen, M & Van Praag, M & Cools, K. 2003) The effects of performance measurement and compensation on motivation an empirical study. Tinbergen Institute for economic research, Amsterdam. Vere, I. (2009) Developing creative engineers A design approach to engineering education. ICEPDE, Brighton. UK Wahba, A & Bridgewell, L (1976). Maslow reconsidered A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. organizational Behaviour and Human Performance (15) 212240. Wen, C. K (2007) Is there any difference in CEO characteristics between government, not-for-private, publicly listed sector Implications for engineers aspiring to become top-senior managers.A Dissertation submitted to the faculty of engineering. University of Southern Queensland. Wilson, F. M. (2004) Organisational behaviour and work a critical introduction, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press Inc. , New York. Wiley, C. (1997) What motivates employees a ccording to over 40 years of motivation surveys. International journal of manpower, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 263-80 1 Company Information (Google), updated Jan 5th 2010 http//topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/google_inc/index. hypertext mark-up language? scp=1&sq=google%20inc&st=Search 2 Ex-googlers blog, 2008, on leaving Google Available at

Skin & Tattoos Review

Patterson, M. , & Schroeder, J. (2010). Borderlines Skin, tattoos and consumer culture supposition. Marketing Theory, 10, 253-267. inside 10. 1177/1470593110373191 Assignment 1 Patterson & Schroeder Article Review This essay critically reviews an academic ruseicle which applies consumer culture theory to individualism formation by illustrating the association of skin and remains art to femininity and commodification. The paper begins with a brief summary of the key points outlined in the article which is then followed by an analytical evaluation of these points. afterwards which I will examine why I believe they were able to make a compelling argument. I then go on to critique the style of the article and discuss virtually of the weaknesses I found in the argument presented by the authors. I end with a suggested issue for make headway investigate. The authors of this article intend to examine the establishment of identity, both generally and embodied, within the consumer cul ture theoretical frame invent. In order to do so they describe three fundamental assertions which have been derived from consumer culture theory (CCT) and engross three metaphors to illustrate how these concepts prove to be problematic.They further develop evidence which challenges the proposed concepts by applying them to skin, and more than specifically to the skin of heavily tattooed women. It is their assertion that skin serves as the principal site for individuals to imprint their ideologies and convey their stories, it brings unitedly the natural and the social. The concept of femininity and cultural motifs of beauty also become intertwined in the conjectural work put forth by the authors.In their attempt to show a correlation between skin, identity, and consumption, the perspective that heavily tattooed women collect body art in order to distinguish themselves from the masses and challenge actual gender stereotypes forms the foundation from which they argue. According to the article an individuals production of self is mediated by interaction with others in addition to a calculated use of commodities. However, they claim that interpretation of ones identity is not always clear or easily discerned and further that access to the resources we use to stimulate our identity is not equal amongst all individuals.The following relationships between skin, femininity and consumption form the building from which they develop their assumptions first, the containing function of skin is central to creation of femininity as capricels of the perfect body tolerate second, femininity is implicit on skin so much so that transmission becomes an issue of rear projection and third, well maintained, delicate skin has become an archetype of femininity and a desire to continue this indicator of gender difference leads women to want to work on their skin.The ambiguousness of such an overlooked and yet all important(predicate) organ enables the reader to relate to a vast number of viewpoints. Based on the evidence presented, I find the authors argument convincing and can appreciate why skin makes an ideal medium for research on consumer identity. What I took from the article was that beauty and identity are often interdependent and rely on how one interprets and creates it. I arrived at this conclusion by following their logic that skin is connected to our identity in how we adorn and maintain it.The closer we come to upholding social norms regarding femininity, which is often closely tied to ideals of beauty, the more highly we are regarded in society. We use our exterior surface as a canvas in which we create our inner identity, however, identity is not static and we are continually modifying and recreating ourselves. I like the idea that women are silently protesting and disrupting long held patriarchal beliefs of femininity by engaging in body art acquisition.I also agree that by partaking in forms of body modification, such as tattooing, women challenge the traditional ideals of beauty. While the article is written concisely and straightforwardly, I believe the metaphors they use could have been explained further in order to get a clearer understanding of their association to the topic at hand. I found the idea of skin as a container difficult to follow, the arguments presented in this section taken individually were clear, but when connect back to identity and commodification it became someone convoluted.One aspect I believe the authors neglected to develop was the model that individuals can assume simultaneous identities or that they can perform identities, whereby they represent themselves different from their visible characteristics. They stirred on this with the discussion of tattooed women being both contained and transgressive in the narrow perception of beauty, along with the view of the musical theme/body dualism.I found the overall concept explored in this article quite interesting, but thought the exe cution left something lacking. At times the article almost seems somewhat philosophical in its estimation of the topic in that it relies largely on interpretive research. Identities are seen not as merely be in discourse, but rather as performed, enacted and embodied through a variety of dialectal and non-linguistic means.After introducing the topic at hand and reviewing the relevant concepts that have been ascertained in regards to the conceptualization of identity within the framework of consumer culture theory, and more specifically, identity as it applies to skin, femininity and body art, the article concludes with a suggested attention for further study. The authors propose that more work on boundaries and understanding of identity and consumption should be done. In addition, they advise rather than looking at the meaning of the body, future examination should analyze what the consequences of consuming the body are.

Is Homosexuality a learned behavior or biological Essay

gayness is a controversial issue within any society in the world and has been debated upon in the public in recent years. The debate on gayness has typically concentrated on the kindly and legal issues surrounding the concept and little respectfulness has been given to the create of the problem. The controversy that has surrounded the pederasticity issue has spread to the determination of the cause of the phenomenon. This has been brought well-nigh by those arguing that homo innerity is caused by environmental factors whereas nigh others argue that oddity is caused by biologic factors.This opus is going to give an analysis of whether homosexuality is a intimate sort or a biological one. Homosexuality Homosexuality is a concept that has been controversial in many societies. Though the behavior has been astray spoken about in the recent past, it was al around forbidden in the traditional societies and anyone involved was considered immoral. Homosexuality has been defined as a romantic attraction towards individuals of the said(prenominal) sex. Homosexuality is therefore part of the triplet notable sexual drutherss exhibited in human species which in like manner include bisexuality and heterosexuality.Homosexuality has elicited a strong debate not only on its acceptability within the society but excessively discove predict its causes. The controversy has led to the legal and social implications of the issue dominating the media as well as the biological debate sparked by the query finding in the recent past. The central question in regard to the causes of homosexuality has been on whether homosexuality is caused by biological concepts or it is a learned behavior that has been secure in the cultural norms (Lawrence, para 1).Homosexuality is characterized by an individual having sexual preference with others of the same sex. In females, such preferences be referred to as lesbianism whereas in males it is called gay. This is in contravention to the conventional societal expectations of heterosexuality. Homosexuality has been met with social consequences especially for those with same sex sexual preferences. It has been estimated that amid 2 and 5 percent of males are gays whereas betwixt 1 and 2 percent of females practice lesbianism (Pease & Bull, para 5).In the United States, despite the eminence of the phenomenon, most of the states do not approve of same sex marriages. It has been previously thought that homosexuality is a excerption and that individuals do learn the behavior. A survey conducted in 1970 taperd that over 40 percent of the public were of the sagaciousness that the early gays had learned the habit from the older ones (Pease & Bull, para 5). Homosexuality as a biological behavior In the development of the child, elementtics that are inherited from the parents play a vital role in the determination of character and behavior.Genes are known to carry all the biological information and may be incorre ctly placed during the cell division process through mutations. Homosexuality is considered as coming from cistron mutation in human development. The biological explanation of the homosexual behavior was given impetus by Simon Levay who discovered that the hypothalamus of the idea in homosexuals was small compared to heterosexuals. He concluded that differences in the brain formation were amenable for homosexual behavior (Queer Foundation, para 4).There is also a hormonal imbalance amongst the homosexuals. Hormones are accountable for controlling and stimulating the body and therefore any imbalance in hormones will lead to disorientation in the erotic attraction (Queer Foundation, para 4). Research has continued to read/write head towards a biological cause of homosexuality. There are certain observations that point to the biological causes of homosexuality as observed by Dan Eden. fit in to Eden, the heterosexuals and homosexuals exhibit observable differences that birth a biological orientation.He observed that the index and the ring fingers are about the same in length for heterosexual women whereas in men, the index finger is usually shorter compared to the ring finger. On the contrary, lesbians finger length were more like mens and this is also seen in other character traits including eye-blink patterns and other male traits (Eden, para 1). Research has also indicated the differences in the brain of the males and females. Studies that have been conducted indicate that there is sexual dimorphism in the hypothalamus of the deuce sexes.The males have shown greater differences in terms of cell come compared to the females in this part of the brain. Studies have indicated that between two and four of the Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH) in males are double the size found in females. Since the INAH is responsible for sexual dimorphism, scientists believe that differences in this region of the brain are responsible for the sexual orientation in individuals (Deem, para 3). Another study do by scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden reinforced the model that homosexuality is an inborn phenomenon.In this study, both heterosexuals and homosexuals were undefended to sex hormones and their stimulation in the hypothalamus measured. There was a great difference in how the hypothalamus in the two categories of sexual orientation reacted to sexual hormones. Upon being exposed to the male hormones, the hypothalamus in heterosexual females and homosexual males was touch off but heterosexual males did not respond to the same. Similar observations were observed when female hormones were introduced.In this case, the heterosexual males hypothalamus got initiate as opposed to heterosexual females and homosexual males (McHugh, para 3). Studies by biologists Ward Odenwald and Shan-Ding Zhang on fruit travel tend to indicate that homosexuality is a genetical issue. In their experiment, the two scienti sts transplanted a single gene into the flies which was responsible for the homosexual behavior that was observed. They inferred their findings to human homosexuality claiming that since there is the presence of a think gene in humans, homosexuality was a genetic issue though no much has been done to prove this claim.The two scientists are however cautious on the issue and hopes that their revelation would be central in analyzing how the genetic make up in individuals could be responsible in influencing the sexual orientation (Thompson/Bethesda, para 2). Homosexual as a learned behavior Socio-behaviorists are opposed to the biological notion in regard to the homosexual behavior in humans. Homosexuality is attributed to the environmental factors which hold that homosexuality is a learned behavior.Behaviorists regard childhood experiences as responsible for homosexuality behavior that is exhibited by individuals. As a learned behavior, homosexuality endure be traced by analyzing th e play patterns during childhood, peer relations and interaction, and parental influence. Psychoanalysts in particular had extensive studies on homosexuality in trying to explain the abnormal behavior. Their explanations seem to point to an individuals upbringing as the main cause of the homosexuality. In simple terms, they were of the view that homosexuality was caused by environmental factors (Newman, para 1).Homosexuality has been with us since the ancient times and it was accepted in some refinings. A Greek philosopher by the name Aristophanes believed that there is a longing between two souls to place together and that sexual desire on its own is not responsible for homosexuality thus culture has greater influence on the trend. In Greece, homosexuality was practiced in ancient times between young boys and adult males as part of initiation into adulthood. In New Guinea, there are instances where young males are inseminated by tribal warriors which is allowed y their culture.In Crete, the male adolescents had to engage in a homosexual relationship as initiation to adulthood (Johnson, para 17). The social and cultural environment is therefore spunk in determination of the sexual orientation of the individuals. Behaviorists hold that some sexual and gender identification differences egress from roles imposed by family and friends upon children, such as the masculine and the feminine stereotypes (Johnson, para 18). Some studies have contradicted the genetic determinism in homosexuality.If genetics were fully responsible for homosexuality, then one would expect it will be permanent. Studies have however indicated that sexual preferences gage change over time especially in females. In a five-year study conducted on female homosexuals, it was discovered that more than ? abandoned lesbianism with ? reclaiming heterosexuality. Other studies have continued to reinforce the notion that sexual orientation is not fixed and can change over time. A well-grounded ex ample is given by Kerry Pacer who was a gay advocate when in High drill but later changed to a heterosexual relationship.It is therefore imperative to note that in some individuals sexual orientation is something that they can choose and thus a learned behavior. Some engage in homosexuality after being influenced by their role models or peers (Deem, para 17). For those arguing that homosexuality is a learned behavior, it is argued that children from a neighborly age have to be taught the acceptable standards of behavior in the society and that they should also be exposed to the right role models. Peer influence, the media and the internet has been blamed for having influenced the youth in practicing unsound behaviors like homosexuality.It is obvious that in the current times teenagers discover their sexual experiences at a tender age and that any harmful patterns of sexuality can have a lasting impact on these young people. Since sexual experience is pleasurable, it is usually re inforced by the experience irrespective of whether it is acceptable or not (Dolphin, para 21). Conclusion The controversy surrounding homosexuality is far from over. Though increased research activity has surfaced to determine its cause, there is no universal agreement on the matter as the findings can not settle on a particular cause of the issue.It will not be statewide to argue that homosexuality is caused by biological factors neither can it conclusively be argued that homosexuality is a learned phenomenon. The complexity surrounding the issue has led to a divided opinion on the matter. Nevertheless, it would be more accommodative to bring the two positions together and recognize that each can contribute to the same problem in a way. Biological causes can not be dismissed neither can we dissociate the environmental causes. Homosexual behavior is best understood if biological and environmental factors are incorporated.