Examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined

The aim of this laboratory experiment is to examine the tensile strength of three specimen of low, medium and high carbon steels is examined. The microstructure of the specimen is determined and calculations such as tensile strength, yield strength etc were clearly recorded. Also, the background theory was stated, the apparatus and procedure used to achieve the experiment was described. The main part of this lab report is the discussion on the results and how close they've been calculated to the original theoretical values by taking into consideration some external experimental errors. The last part of this report is the conclusion on the whole procedure. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this lab report is by using a tensile testing machine (Hounsfield tensometer), to determine mechanical properties of three different plain carbon steel materials (low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel). Also, their grain structure is to be examined using a Metallurgical microscope. BACKGROUND The three different materials are the low-carbon, medium-carbon and high carbon steels. Their tensile strength is examined which by definition is explained as the amount of stress that a material can resist when a force pulls it along its length until a complete deformation takes place. A ductile material is a material that contains the properties of plasticity and tenacity and it's able to change its shape when a force acts on it and can keep that changed shape even after that force is removed. (Timings R. 2006) The tensile test is mainly used to specify the strength and ductility of a material. Also the tensile test involves: 1. Material showing a yield point which is the point that an extension takes place without any increase in load 2. Proof stress which is used to determine the amount of plastic deformation. 3. Secant modulus which is used to determine the elasticity of the material. (Timings R. 2006) Plain carbon steels: Ferrous metals are basically a metallic material (iron) and it means that iron is combined with carbon. Iron and carbon, the simplest of the ferrous metals (Latin ferrum=iron), are the main elements of plain carbon steels. Low-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,1-0,3% in addition to impurities. This kind of steels cannot be directly hardened by heat treatment, but they can be readily carburized and case hardened. The type of medium-carbon steels have a carbon content 0,3-0,5%. They can be toughened by heat treatment. All types of high carbon steels (carbon content 0,8-1,0%) are extremely strong and their response to heat treatment is better than the medium-carbon steels. However, because of the high carbon content they can be hardened to a high degree of hardness. (Timings R. 2006) The iron-carbon (Fe-C) diagram in figure1 helps to study and learn more about the microstructure of carbon steels as well as their heat treatment. Figure1. â€Å"The Fe-C phase diagram shows which phases are to be expected.† (1) â€Å"At the low-carbon end of the Fe-C phase diagram, we distinguish ferrite (alpha-iron), which can at most dissolve 0.028 wt. % C at 738 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and austenite (gamma-iron), which can dissolve 2.08 wt. % C at 1154 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C.† (1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE In order to complete this test, three tensile test specimens, each of different carbon content, are given. Also a tensometer machine is available in order to tense the specimens. The machine works as follows: Firstly, the specimen is placed on the machine and a force pulls it along its length. This force is measured (in kN) on a digital force meter which is connected to the machine. On the top there is a cylinder with a graph paper around it in order to sketch a graph of force against the extension of the specimen. This is done by moving the pointer on the graph paper by 0,5kN respectively and pointing on the graph each time the reading on the digital force meter increases by 0,5kN, for instance, if the reading reaches 1,0kN the pointer has to be pointing at 1,0kN and by the time that the reading is 1,0kN a point is sketched on the graph. (See figure 2 below) Figure 2. Furthermore, measurements of the length and cross-sectional area were taken before and after the test in order to determine the percentages of elongation and the reduction in area. The last part of the experiment is to examine the three micro-specimens given which is the exact same material and condition as the three materials used on the tensile machine and determine the percentage of the carbon content of their grain structure. This is done by using a Metallurgical Microscope. RESULTS The results of the experiment were calculated and recorded on a table as shown below: Test piece material % carbon content Yield strength (N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength (N/mm2) % elongation % reduction in area Specimen A Low-carbon steel 0,1 315 430 37 66 Specimen D Medium-carbon steel 0,4 475 660 28 62 Specimen N High-carbon steel 0,8 932 960 13 30 All the specimens had normalized treatment conditions. Graphs were plotted for every specimen, which state clearly the points of force and extension. (See Tables below) The ultimate tension strength (uts) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (3) The yield strength (ys) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"† (4) The elongation percentage (elon.) was calculated by the following formulae: â€Å"† (5) The reduction in cross-sectional area (red.csa) was calculated by the following formula: â€Å"x 100† (6) Microstructure results The following specimens are the result of the experiment. The white region of each specimen is ferrite and the gray region is pearlite. The carbon content is determined using the iron-carbon (Fe-C) phase diagram. SPECIMEN A SPECIMEN D SPECIMEN N DISCUSSION The experiment is now completed and a discussion about the results is made. The values calculated in the experiment are going to meet the theoretical values of the three specimens used. In the table below all the results were recorded: CALCULATED THEORETICAL Low carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 430 162-3200 YS (N/mm2) 315 140-2400 ELONGATION (%) 37 1-48 REDUCTION A. (%) 66 13-99 Medium carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 660 450-2290 YS (N/mm2) 475 245-1940 ELONGATION (%) 28 0.6-34.2 REDUCTION A. (%) 62 0.2-71.4 High carbon steel UTS (N/mm2) 960 161-3200 YS (N/mm2) 932 275-2750 ELONGATION (%) 13 1.9-30 REDUCTION A. (%) 30 13.4-75.2 The table above show clearly that the calculated values are close to the theoretical values. This means that the experiment was successful and the calculation were correct. Although, there's always a small percentage error in every experiment. The most common error in every experiment is the human error and this is the main type of error that may took place in this experiment. Also, differences in temperature and the purity of the material used is an important issue. Furthermore, from the examination of determining the grain structure of each material under the microscope the difference between them was very clear. For instance, the different amount of ferrite and pearlite could be identified, high-carbon steel had darker color than low and medium carbon steels which means that the amount of pearlite is almost 100%. Also, from the tables plotted on the tensometer machine the load that every specimen could withstand, the elongation percentage and the reduction in cross-sectional area were different. By considering these values, low-carbon steels have the least amount of load before complete deformation and the most percentage on both reduction in cross-sectional and elongation of the three specimens. This means that low-carbon steels have the least amount of carbon. In addition, low carbon steels can be defined as ductile materials. Medium-carbon and high-carbon steels are less ductile have les percentage of elongation. This means that they are harder and they are applied more load in order for deformation to take place. Finally, the last part of the discussion is about the different yield point of the three specimens. If the graphs are considered, a sudden fall of the load appears to take place on the graphs of low and medium carbon steels during the procedure. This means that the two specimens faced a reduction in cross-sectional area (also known as necking). This doesn't seem to happen to the specimen of high-carbon steel which means that the deformation took place without having any noticeable reduction in cross-sectional area as the load was kept increasing. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the three specimens where tested and results were given. Since the calculated values meet the theoretical values, the experiment was successful. Discussion about the ductility and the main structure of the given specimens was made and also the differences between them were stated.

Bus401 Mini Case Chapter 9

Percentage of future financing Type of financing Bonds (8%, $1,000 par, 16- year maturity38% Preferred stock (5,000 shares outstanding $50 par, $1. 50 dividend15% Common equity47% Total100% A. Market prices are $1,035 for bonds, $19 for preferred stock, and $35 for common stock. There will be sufficient internal common equity funding (i. e. , retained earnings) available such that the firm does not plan to issue new common stock. Calculate the firm's weighted average cost of capital. BondsPreferred stockCommon Stock 1035-15% (155. 25) = 879. 75 1. 50/(19-2. 01) 16. 99 = 8. 83% 2. 65/35 + . 06 = 13. 57% 9. 9% 9. 49% (1-. 34) = 6. 26% WeightsAfter tax captialProduct Bond 0. 38X6. 26%=2. 3788 Preferred Stock0. 15X8. 83%=1. 3245 Common Stock0. 47X13. 57%=6. 3779 10. 08% B. In part a we assumed that Nealon would have sufficient retained earnings such that it would not need to sell additional common stock to finance its new investments. Consider the situation now when Nealon's retained ear nings anticipated for the coming year are expected to fall short of the equity requirement of 47% of new capital raised. Consequently, the firm foresees the possibility that new common shares will have to be issued.To facilitate the sale of shares, Nealon's investment banker has advised management that they should expect a price discount of approximately 7%, or $2. 45 per share. Under these terms, the new shares should provide net proceeds of about $32. 55. What is Nealon's cost of equity capital when new shares are sold, and what is the weighted average cost of the added funds involved in the issuance of new shares? Common Stock 2. 65/32. 55 + . 06 = 14. 14% WeightsAfter tax captialProduct Bond 0. 38X6. 26%=2. 3788 Preferred Stock0. 15X8. 83%=1. 3245 Common Stock0. 47X14. 14%=6. 6458 10. 35%

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Hot IPOs Can Damage your Long-Run Wealth! Essay Example for Free

Hot IPOs Can Damage your Long-Run Wealth! Essay This paper investigates the links between hot markets, long run underperformance and venture capital in the UK using a unique sample of 593 IPOs for the 1985-2003 period. It finds no evidence for long run underperformance for the full sample but does find robust support for significant underperformance during hot markets. The significant hot market return differential relative to the first day trading is consistent with investor sentiment and market timing. The differential relative to the offer price is also statistically significant thereby confirming Ljungqvist et al. ’s (2006) first prediction and providing further support for long run underperformance by hot market IPOs. The evidence does not support certification hypotheses. Hot-market, venture-backed IPOs underperform very significantly while their non-venture counterparts suffer substantial negative returns for only three years post-IPO. Similarly, the significantly negative relationship between underpricing and long-term returns for venture-backed IPOs during hot markets furnishes evidence of market timing. Industry analysis reveals that the return differential is significant for the high-technology sector both for the full sample and separately for venture-backed and non-venture IPOs. Indeed a majority of high-technology firms in the sample went public during hot markets. Cross-sectional regressions provide additional support for significant underperformance by high-technology firms in hot markets for the whole sample and non-venture IPOs. Finally, IPOs in general and venture-backed IPOs in particular with strong pre-IPO earnings growth generated significantly superior performance in all periods. The impact was most marked during hot markets, suggesting a role for robust pre-IPO operating results in determining the likelihood of long-term performance. 1. Introduction Loughran and Ritter (1995) find for a sample of almost 5000 US IPOs 1970-1990 that investors receive annual returns of just 7% on average in the five post-issue years. To place this underperformance in context, investors would have had to invest a staggering 44% more in issuers than in similar-sized non-issuers to achieve the same terminal wealth. Their graphic conclusion is that â€Å"Investing in firms issuing stock is hazardous for your wealth† (Ibid. p. 46). Long run underperformance has puzzled researchers in financial economics ever since and is identified by Ritter and Welch (2002) as possibly the most controversial area of IPO research. This paper has three objectives. The first is empirically to test hypotheses related to hot markets and especially some of those proposed by Ljungqvist, Nanda and Singh (2006). To our knowledge the latter has not been done to date. Ljungqvist et al. argue that investor sentiment is the underlying cause of the IPO underperformance anomaly. They propose that a test of underperformance in hot markets relative to the offer price rather than the first day trading price provides a tougher hurdle. We adduce empirical support for significant underperformance in hot markets relative to both the first day trading price and to the offer price. These are in line with those of Ritter (1991), Cook, Jarrell and Kieschnick (2003) and Helwege and Liang (2004) and Derrien (2005) who link investor sentiment to hot markets. Our results are in agreement with recent findings for IPO markets in other countries. Helwege and Liang (2004) compare US firms going public in hot and cold markets during 1975-2000 and examine their performance over the following five years. Both hot and cold market IPOs are found in the same narrow set of industries and hot markets occur at the same time for many industries. Their results suggest that hot markets reflect greater investor optimism rather than other factors. Cook et al. (2003) also find that US IPOs during hot markets have lower long-term returns than IPOs during cold markets due to sentiment investors driving prices beyond their fair value. Derrien (2005) is one of the few hot market studies to focus on a non-US market. His findings support the view that IPOs occurring during bullish market conditions in France are overpriced. The second objective is to explore the links between long run underperformance and hot markets for a sample of UK IPOs. In this context it is the first attempt to investigate such links in the UK which boasts one of the largest and most developed capital markets outside the United States. Ibbotson and Jaffe (1975) and Ritter (1984) pioneered the hot markets concept. They documented the existence of hot periods of high IPO volume (underpricing) where subsequent underperformance tends to be more dramatic. The implication is that market timing is uppermost in issuers’ minds when taking advantage of market sentiment in such periods. Our UK sample comprises of a set of 593 venture-backed and non-venture IPOs on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange over the period from 1985 up to 2003. The advantages of this sample are twofold. On one hand, it is a relatively large sample according to the definition of Ritter (2003) who points out that Japan and the UK are the only countries other than the US that can muster IPO samples in excess of 500. On the other hand and more importantly, our UK IPO sample differs in one fundamental aspect from US samples. The latter contain a large proportion of high-technology firms while our UK sample is more evenly distributed by industry. Thus our data should provide a basis for robust hypothesis testing of aspects of long run underperformance. The third objective of the paper is to explore the conjecture first postulated by Brav and Gompers (1997) that venture capitalists play an important role in explaining the underperformance puzzle. They show that US venture-backed IPOs outperform non-venture IPOs five years after the offer date and conclude that underperformance primarily resides in small non-venture IPOs which are the most likely to be influenced by investor sentiment. However, our sample shows no significant difference in returns between venture-backed and non-venture IPOs in contrast to the Brav and Gompers (1997) findings. The return differential between hot and normal markets is highly significant for venture-backed IPOs although it is only marginally significant for non-venture firms. Industry analysis reveals that this return differential is significant for the high-technology sector for both the full sample and separately for venture-backed and non-venture IPOs. We find some evidence of venture capitalists exploiting investor sentiment during hot markets which is confirmed by a significantly negative relationship between underpricing and long-term returns for venture-backed IPOs during hot markets. This latter finding contrasts with that of Helwege and Liang (2004) who find no significant role for venture capital presence during either hot or cold markets in the US. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. In section 2 the literature on long run IPO performance, venture capital involvement and investor sentiment is reviewed. Section 3 describes the data and methodology related to performance measurement. Section 4 discusses the empirical results of univariate sorts and cross-sectional regressions. A final section concludes. 2. Hot Markets and Long-run IPO Underperformance 2. 1 The underperformance anomaly While long run underperformance is well documented for the USA, results for other countries such as the UK are rather limited. Levis (1993) used a sample of 712 UK IPOs 1980-1988 to document significant long-term IPO underperformance 36 months after the first trading day. Espenlaub, Gregory and Tonks (2000) re-examine the evidence on the long-term returns of IPOs for a sample of 588 UK IPOs 1985-1992. Using an event-time framework, they find substantial negative abnormal returns after the first three years irrespective of the benchmark used. Although some researchers underline the role of hot IPO markets, only a few empirical studies have so far compared long-run performance in hot and cold (normal) markets. Helwege and Liang (2004) study a US sample of 3,698 IPOs between 1975 and 2000. Distinguishing between hot, cold and neutral markets they find both hot and neutral market IPOs tend to underperform while cold market IPOs tend to outperform a variety of benchmarks. After adjusting for economic conditions, they find little evidence for cross-sectional differences between the characteristics of hot and cold market IPOs and no significant difference between their post-issue operating performances. These findings lead the authors to conclude that hot markets are primarily driven by investor optimism. Similarly, Cook et al. (2003), using 6,080 US IPOs between 1980 and 2002, show that IPOs during hot markets tend to perform more poorly than IPOs during cold markets. They find that IPOs trade at higher valuations and their offer sizes are larger during hot markets and that these firms are less likely to survive. They conclude that investor sentiment is a more important feature of IPO markets then hitherto recognised. Non-US studies are rare but Derrien (2005) is a notable exception. He develops a model in which bullish noise trader sentiment during hot markets leads to overpriced IPO shares relative to their long-run intrinsic value. Using a sample of 62 IPOs on the French stock exchange for the hot period of 1999 till 2001, he empirically shows that the long-run stock price performance of IPO shares is negatively impacted by investor sentiment. Ljungqvist, Nanda and Singh (2006) build a theoretical model in which the presence of irrational investors leads to hot markets and the associated long-run underperformance. In their model, sentiment investors purchase stock from institutional investors at inflated prices. Underwriters allocate new issues to their institutional client base if there is insufficient sentiment demand, perhaps due to a hot IPO market and many issuers trying to tap the capital markets. These institutional investors then sell off their holdings at increased prices to exuberant investors post-IPO who are driven by market fads. The sentiment driven prices, on the other hand, deflate over time, leading to negative returns. Below we extend the existing hot market studies by empirically testing some of the hypotheses proposed by Ljungqvist et al. (2006). 2. 2 Venture capitalists and investor sentiment While much of this literature stresses asymmetric information and the certification role of venture capitalists, a part of it also ascribes a role to investor sentiment. Brav and Gompers (1997) were the first to test the long-run performance of a sample of new issues disaggregated into venture-backed and non-venture IPOs. They use a sample of 934 venture capital backed IPOs and 3,407 non-venture IPOs in the United States from 1972 through 1992 and show that venture-backed IPOs outperform non-venture IPOs over a five-year period. They conduct an asset pricing analysis and find that venture-backed IPOs do not underperform while non-venture IPOs indicate severe underperformance. Partitioning the non-venture IPOs on the basis of size shows that underperformance resides primarily in small non-venture IPOs. Brav and Gompers (1997) argue that bouts of investor sentiment are a possible explanation for the severe underperformance of small non-venture IPOs because the latter are more likely to be held by individuals. Along similar lines, Megginson and Weiss (1991) show that institutional ownership of IPOs is substantially higher for venture-backed than for non-venture IPOs. They report that institutions hold, on average, 42. 3% of the offer in venture-backed firms as compared to 22. 2% of the amount offered in non-venture backed firms. We employ the hot market concept to shed new light on the role and performance of venture versus non-venture backed firms 3. Data and Methodology 3. 1 Data A unique sample was selected from the IPOs listed on the London Stock Exchange for the period from January 1985 to December 2003. IPOs of investment trusts, financial companies, building societies, privatisation issues, foreign-incorporated companies, unit offerings and spin-offs are excluded. The filtering process also excludes share issues at the time of a relisting after a firm is temporarily suspended or transfers from lower tier markets such as the now defunct Unlisted Securities Market and the Alternative Investment Market. We exclude the latter IPO market established in 1995 since it has no minimum market capitalization and would likely lead to a small company bias. The final sample consists of 593 IPOs of ordinary shares by domestic operating companies on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange with listing methods comprising placements or offers for sale at a fixed price. This is the result of the filters applied to a total of 2,489 IPOs that listed on the Official List of the London Stock Exchange for the period 1985-2003. The sample include some 317 venture-backed and 276 non-venture IPOs. The data sources include Datastream, the London Stock Exchange Quality of Markets Quarterly Reviews, Primary Market Fact Sheets and Yearbooks, IPO prospectuses, Extel Financial microfiches and Thomson Financial Global Access Database.

African American Athletes Essay Example for Free

African American Athletes Essay American student athletes have always faced stereotypes in and out of the classroom, being seen as self-segregating or dumb jocks that really wouldnt be at school if it werent for their athletic ability. Although these stereotypes are applied to both white and black athletes, African American students, especially men, feel it more than their white counterparts. African Americans are already, for the most part, seen as intellectually inferior, so when they are seen in an academic environment they are automatically judged. If they didnt get into school just for being black, they got into school for being a black athlete. Excuses are made as to why African American student athletes and pro athletes dominate in the world of sports in general. From the time the black athlete stepped into the sports arena and began to compete with whites, white people have been looking for an explanation. In his article Sailes looks into the myths and stereotypes surrounding African American athletes, most of which have been created by whites. In loosely replicated the experiment that Sailes conducted with his students and in doing so I found that the stereotypes he discusses do exist and many people strongly believe in some of the myths. I interviewed both male and female athletes and non-athletes alike and surprisingly most of their answers to my questions were the same. I asked them all the same five questions; 1. Do you think African Americans dominate in sports? 2. Which Sports? 3. Are there certain positions they are better at? 4. Why? 5. Is their demeanor on the field or court different than that of a white athlete? and 6. Have you heard any myths about why black athletes are better? Interviewee #1, A white female on the basketball team at Gettysburg College felt that black athletes were better at all sports and in all positions, but particularly in basketball and football. She has learned from experience that black athletes are more loud and aggressive. It was her belief that African Americans are better at sports because of genetics. She also said that it could be because historically they have done hard labor and had menial jobs, so their physical condition has evolved. The one myth she has heard is that African Americans have an extra bone in their leg which makes them capable of jumping higher and running faster. Interviewee # 2, an African American football player stated that blacks are better at all sports, but especially football, in such positions as cornerback, running back, and wide receiver. When asked why he felt that this is true his answer was because were just nasty like that. In regards to myths he recalled one of his high school classmates expressing to him that the reason blacks were better was because they still had some monkey left in them. Interviewee # 3, a white college graduate, non-athlete articulated that blacks are better at any sport they try but not in any positions that require brain power or thought. He said that they are not usually good quarterbacks because they arent smart enough. When I asked him why, his response was, because they are dumb Ns. He believes that they become athletes because they have no other options to get a job or get rich, unless they can rap. He also stated that the reason they can run so fast is because they are used to running from the cops. Interviewee # 4, A white male who is a former athlete said that he believes that African Americans are superior in all sports except for lacrosse and hockey, and that the reason for this is because they are much more expensive to start up and maintain- as opposed to soccer/football/basketball where all you need is a ball really. He thinks black people on the whole start out life economically feeble compared to whites and believes in the myth that they have been evolved into more muscular and stronger people because of the process of natural selection during slavery where the slave owners bought the biggest and strongest, and theyre offspring are the ones that created the people that are dominating in sports now. My last interviewee was a female African American basketball player who felt that African Americans dominate in football and basketball because it is the only sport they want to play so they strive for it. She also said that blacks are more aggressive because it means more to them. In the majority of my interviews the participants mentioned what Sailes referred to as the Mandingo Theory, in which the physical superiority of African Americans is attributed to the selection and so called breeding process along with the manual labor performed during the days of slavery. The psychological and dumb jock theories were also articulated in the answers I received from the white students for they all said at some point or another during the interview that African Americans are intellectually inferior and all they have going for them is sports, and even in the world of sports there are positions that they are mentally incapable of occupying. The one thing that I believe all the participants agreed on both black and white is that African Americans are somehow genetically different. I was really taken aback by my findings. Even though I have learned throughout this semester that people are more racist than I ever thought they were, I didnt realize that this racism is existent in literally everything. Im not really into sports and do not pay attention to them, so I had no idea that people felt this way about African American athletes. So, it seems as though African Americans are battling this war on racism on yet another front.

Relationship Management in Dell Computers

Relationship Management in Dell Computers 1.0 Introduction The Dell Computers Company was founded by Michael Dell. The business started by selling various computer products by use of the direct business model when most companies at the time employed the services of dealers and distributors. At its inception, the company concentrated on the relationship management with customer focused marketing. At the time, according to Joan (2000, p.73) most companies for instance Compaq and IBM concentrated on being engineering centric. On the contrary, the Dell Company was selective in the production, focusing on the products that enhanced the relationship between the company and its customers, with Michael Dell adopting a direct business model in marketing. The model harnesses virtual integration which permits the business to specialize in products which satisfy on customers, present and future needs. In our case study of Dell Computers we shall look into the various aspects of relationship management that the company has applied in ensuring its success ful growth. 2.0 Key Account Management and Global Account Management Key account management (KAM) can be defined as the management of customer accounts which bring most profitability and are of strategic importance to the Company. In essence, this concept in relationship management seeks to analyze those key accounts of importance to the company, forecast on their needs, and give them premium services and value added products thus increasing on satisfaction and more customer retention. The key accounts management can also be referred to as strategic account management. This concept gets global with the company having key accounts all over the world. As such, the global account management (GAM) can be defined as a strategy in which a company selects on some customers globally with the capability to deliver on their needs. There are key reasons why the companies practice global accounts management but the main one is to get competitive advantage and gain more revenue while enjoying the difference in economies of scale. Key account management can also be defined as offering customers with large accounts products and services tailored to their needs to attract loyalty. In the first step the key accounts management entails identifying those accounts of strategic importance. Key accounts according to Jukka (2001, 202) are selected according to the volume of sale or the profitability the company intends to get from the customer relationship. In addition, the selection is based on the volume of the purchases from the customer and the period the relationship has been in existence. According to Michael dell, the Dell computers continue identifying on key accounts and this has helped the company in increasing the company by the fast cycle segmentation (Joan 2000, p.77). The company is able to grow on revenues w hile keeping down on the expenditure by focusing on profitable segments only. The next element in key account management is analyzing on the key accounts. The account is studied on the basis of the history of any relationship and more so the economic status of that account. In an interview Michael Dell agrees that dealings with big institutions and corporate companies which are profitable, easier to manage and are unlikely to default in making their payments is the core of the business at Dell Computers (Joan 2000, p.76). In addition, at this stage determining the switching cost which entails the cost of replacing the outgoing partner with a new one, is important incase the relationship ends (Jukka 2001, p.203). The Dell Company maintains a strategy on selection of key accounts and avoids taking on very powerful accounts which could bring huge switching costs and this keeps the demand of its products on level. As a matter of fact, the company does not serve customers with more than one percent to two percent of its revenue (Joan 2000, p.77). More over, the ability for the company to organize and respond to various needs of the customers holding the large accounts is very important. The organizational capabilities have been greatly improved in Dell computers with dedicated teams designated to run on the key accounts. Large accounts make up most of the business at Dell computers. It sells to them standardized products besides predicting on their demand and future needs through virtual integration. The company also monitors on the global accounts in different parts of the world. With very huge accounts the company deploys a team onsite to effectively manage on the customers needs. To ensure success in management of key accounts a company needs to have competent key account managers and other team members. In making the selection of the staff members of these teams it is imperative that members with wide experience and qualifications are chosen for the task. The evaluation of the account relationship could also be considered where the key manager is overburdened with his role and adapt a network of organizational relationships. In addition, for KAM to be effective there should be an efficient information exchange between the key account team and the partner. 3.0 Big customers, customer segmentation and marketing orientation 3.1 Big customers Customer value is an important aspect in relationship marketing at Dell Computers and we should thus study it. In value strategic models there are three types of value elements. The first one is esteem value and influences the customer to buy a product for the sake of just owning it. On the other hand, the utility value influences the need to have the product due to its characteristics in meeting the want of the consumer. Finally we also have the exchange value which influences on the worth of the customer with the product creating interest with time. Satisfaction among the customers is what makes them to make repurchases. As matter of fact, this feeling of satisfaction becomes extreme when the product performance exceeds the expectation. The loyalty among the customer is cultivated by giving value added products as compared to the other sellers. Indeed satisfaction is of great influence in maintaining customer loyalty, enhancing marketing by word of mouth and making the buyer come back to purchase more (Wolfgang Andreas 2006, p.313). According to a report by Azaddin Salem Khalifa (2004, p.646) customers who are extremely satisfied due to their value added products were 45% more likely to be loyal and were six times more likely to come back for more purchases than dissatisfied customers. At Dell they realized that in adding this value to the products and ensuring on customer satisfaction then more focus was to be made on the needs of the customers. As a result, the company has seventy percent of its customers comprising of large educational, governmental institutions and corporate companies. The company reduces the risk by handling accounts of these big customers. The company continues to target these big consumers to enhance profitability with its scalable business. Indeed, in maintaining these key accounts nationally and globally the company is able to increase on revenue while suppressing on expenditures. 3.2 Customer segmentation With the direct model and a very fine customer segmentation of big consumers the company is able to predict the needs of its few customers and order goods tailored towards this information. As such, a fast inventory velocity the Dell Computers maintains with the suppliers is important in providing more flexibility and speedy ordering of goods. According to the founder of the Dell Computers, a fast cycle segmentation involving big customers offers lesser managerial problems with the company being able to tailor programs to the needs of the customers (Joan 2000, p.78). This can be attested to by the variety of products the company produces with inventory being reviewed by more than thirty times in a year. Where value is an important component in forecasting demand, the Kanos model dictates that in order for a company to not only satisfy but make the customers delighted in using the products, it becomes imperative for such a company to pay less attention to the normal customer activity cycle but focus on the customers needs (Azaddin 2004, p.649). Indeed, innovative features which are unexpected by the customers do not cause any form of dissatisfaction but if included they lead to satisfaction and delight of the customers. On the other hand, the benefits and the costs ratio model defines value not only on the benefits the customer is able to get but on the sacrifices the customer incurs. Such sacrifices are categorized as time and effort required in obtaining the product. In same argument it then follows that the right values include a low price for the product delivered in time, a premium service and impeccable quality. We can also conclude that intangible costs decrease this value. The Dell Company ensures on timely delivery of its products to big consumers effortlessly. The big customers are not only able to order their products online but they are also able to access technological support information easily and a dedicated team of third party maintainers. Other than to respond and predict its customers needs in time, segmentation of its customer into big but fewer accounts greatly help the Dell Company to greatly reduce on costs. Indeed information on the needs of the customers at present and in future should be available for a more coordinated approach in designing the products, 3.3 Marketing Orientation. Marketing orientation can be defined as an implementation of a marketing concept with focus to customers. The term in detail entails coordination in marketing and focus in profit and customer orientation. Ajay and Bernard (1990, p.3) argues that a customer focused orientation entails implementing on market intelligence obtained and any other information obtained from the customers. This concern to the needs of the customer helps in customer delight at the end. We have already seen that Dell Company values on the satisfaction of its customers by virtual integration and segmentation to tailor products relevant to their needs. In marketing orientation, proper coordination between various departments is very imperative. The information on market intelligence should be utilized by all the departments in coming up with customized and need specific products. This concerted effort in dissemination of intelligences leads to a coordinated response. When applying customer focused marketing model a company also needs to focus on profitability. The Dell Company effectively increases on profitability by market segmentation and having a more coordinated and a fast products delivery system with its suppliers. 4.0 Suppliers The dell company only partners with only a few suppliers to ensure speedy implementation of the information relayed from the company in a virtual supply chain. Orders are made in a networked computing system. This further enhances in the improvement of speed and more so the quality of the products. Indeed in relationship marketing a level of trust with the supplier is important. For instance, the Dell Company does not require checking on the goods ordered from credible companies it works with and this further helps in increasing the inventory velocity and eliminating on warehousing expenses. The company integrates its suppliers to seem like they are the part of the company. In addition, the company cooperates with the suppliers in ensuring timely delivery of products and services to its customers which is attributed to this integration. The company, with advancement of technology has seen it forge more integration with the suppliers and other partners by sharing on databases. One of the intangible costs a customer incurs is time. As such for the company to gain on the customers loyalty products need to be delivered in time with less effort. This makes dell company partner with some few suppliers who share on same values of quality and are flexible in their ordering system. With its suppliers the Dell Company has been successful in reducing the risk associated with inventory by sourcing goods from credible suppliers who then supply them to the Dell customers thus helping the company to save on time and resources. The direct model the company utilizes helps in eliminating the problems that emanate from involving distributors and dealers. The company believes in speedy transactions with its suppliers and maintains very low levels of inventory with them. In essence the company maintains a very slim gap between the point of demand and point of supply. Indeed, with such concept the Dell Company has continued to ensure efficiency and is easily able to determine the units it needs. Indeed, we can conclude that by applying virtual supply chains, by sharing information and eliminating inter-company links with its suppliers Dell has been able to achieve speed-to-market for its products. 5.0 Competitors In customer focused marketing model, it becomes important to study on the competitor orientation as well. The exercise details on gaining more understanding on the potential of the main competitor and the current competitors. With direct selling method of its products and virtually integrating its customers the Dell Company is easily able to trample on its competitors. Virtual integration implies removal of boundaries where products are ordered in an informal way such as through the internet. Most of the Dell competitors still continue to use vertical integration system with focus on producing in volumes with products being experimental in nature. This virtual supply chain at Dell, with information being relayed through a network, compounded by a light inventory helps the company in beating of competition from its rivals. This value added relationship with its suppliers helps the Dell Company to work towards one cause. 6.0 Dells CRM (customer relationship management It can simply be defined as a strategy with focus in increasing the customer satisfaction and loyalty by offering innovative and customized products and services (Elaine Margret 2004, p.24). The company system that strives to observe CRM consolidates information which is available by all the members of the company, the customers and the suppliers being also virtually integrated inside Dells business. . The Dell computers forecast on the demand of its customers and then develop need specific products by involving the services of sales-account managers in virtually integrating with the customers. The needs and other products improvements which are contingent are then communicated to the company for implementation. The Dells CRM system also involves monitoring the purchases of its customers globally and this provides more insight on the operations of the company. In addition, the company employs the use of software in monitoring the assets of its buyers. Companies have various ways of gathering information. As such, some companies employ the use of loyalty schemes where customers are awarded points which can then be redeemed. In the process, the buying habits of the customers are studied using the information obtained and kept in the database. According to a research done on Tesco, the scheme was found to be beneficial in sustaining customer relationship and was effective in attracting loyalty due to the value that was being given to the Tescos customers (Jennifer 2005, p.195) In another research done by (Wolfgang Andreas 2006, p.313) the relationship value was found to influence on the commitment, satisfaction and more so the trust from the customers which can be defined as the relationship quality. The Dell Computer enhances on more consumer contact not only by direct sales model but also in other ways. For instance, information databases are shared between the customers and the management at the company. This helps the customer find technological solution and integrates him or her into Dells business. For instance, a customer at Dell is able to get to the various internal technical tools which saves on the customers time and helps the Dell Company in saving on costs. The customers segmentation of the company comprises of big customers hence their needs are easier to forecast and tailor the right products in time. The Dell Company continues to incorporate technology in the systems of the customers with some teams working onsite for better delivery of support services and maintenance of the products. In addition, Dell Computers organizes forums and meetings like platinum councils for these big consumers where information on the needs is gathered. Information on the planned products is also relayed to these customers (Joan 2000, p.81). CRM enables the company to maintain one on one relationship with the customers. It is worth noting that, in such meetings the ratio of the representation between the company and the customers is usually one to one. In essence, besides these meetings being informative they also help the company forecast on the demand of the customers. The company contracts with maintainers from other companies who make service calls on the behalf of the company which further enhances on the value to the customers. More over, the Dell computers have established intranet sites for mega customers which offer them convenience in buying and more so offer them useful technical information about various products. Indeed, such customized services integrate these customers into the Companys system. The Dell Company continues to employ technology in giving customer focused products and services. The company continues to offer premier services and even helps the customers to develop their own version of the dell website (Joan 2000, p.80). We can look CRM as a tool that in particular aids a company in identifying on the premium customers due to its interactive nature with them. In addition, a more coordinated marketing strategy is able to be formulated with sharing of information between the various departments and hence streamlining on the designing of the value added products. When developing the CRM, a company as we have already seen, needs to gather necessary information pertaining to its customers. This is done at various touch points and a general idea about the needs of that customer can then be determined. The benefits that come up with such a strategy are many. Besides helping in forecasting the demands of the customers such systems help improve on process management and customers information (Elaine Margret 2004, p.26). In addition, the CRM helps in increasing the sales volume and due to the accuracy of the information obtained the complaints by the customers are greatly reduced (Elaine Margret 2004, p.26). 7.0 Conclusion Indeed, the Dell Company can be said to practice relationship marketing. In this aspect the Company has abandoned on the traditional ways of vertical integration and distributorship and continues to relate with its customers in delivering specific need products. In addition, the Company has virtually integrated its suppliers and the customers in its business in its speed to market system. Employing technology in relationship management and ensuring information is available to all, the Company continues to make strides in new ways of marketing and customer focused delivery of products and services.

Case Study: Why do People Migrate? :: Immigration Mexico USA Wages Work Essays

Case Study: Why do People Migrate? The Migration and Culture class field trip to Nogales Mexico was an educational trip. It served to give the students a greater understanding of other cultures and the migration issues that affect them. The mere sight of Nogales makes it easy to see the disorganization. The terrain and apparent lack of city planning makes the thought of reorganization a daunting task. The many houses that rest precariously on the hillsides are densely packed. The poverty is striking and the businesses, houses and lack of services are the obvious signs. The trip to one of the maquiladoras was informative. It was clean and well organized. In appearance it was no different than many of the assembly line production companies in the US. What was markedly different was the wage. Our tour guide hesitantly told us the wage was approximately eight US dollars a day. When comparing eight dollars a day to the eight dollars an hour paid by assembly lines in the US it is easy to see why people would be inclined to immigrate to the US in search of a higher wage. The maquiladoras are a strip of foreign owned factories that provide employment for the Mexican population. Maquiladores came about in 1965 as an attempt to combat Mexico’s unemployment problem. In exchange for providing jobs, these industries are given tax exemptions and very little regulations are placed on them (Falcoff 9). The impact maquiladoras have on immigration are both direct and indirect. The direct impact is that it created an immigration problem in Nogales. People from the interior of Mexico flooded Nogales in search of employment (Trujillo). These new immigrants needing a place to live, haphazardly built houses and communities on property that was not theirs and became squatters. These communities have developed into what is referred to as colonias or colonies in Spanish. In questioning one of the colonia residents, it became apparent that property ownership and systematic records had become a problem. She indicated that she had previously been making payments on the property but had ceased to do so. She went on to say that the person she was paying had not been the rightful owner of the property and that she was told to stop paying. When asked who had told her to stop paying she indicated that it was an attorney who was going around trying to help the people of the colonias.

teenage alcoholism :: essays research papers

Socraric Method The Socratic Method of philosophy is basically a series of question leading to an answer. In order for this method to work though, two conditions must be met. The first one is that the interlocutor has to say what he believes. The second is that the answers must be kept short. Here is a classic example of how this method works. It is a dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro. The thesis is â€Å"What is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious.† Next Socrates gets Euthyphro to agree to the following points. The first point is that piety and impiety are opposite. The next point is that the gods are in a state of discord. The next is that they are in discord over what is just and what is unjust. They have no set unit to measure it by. The next point is that the different gods consider different things to be just and unjust. From there he goes on to agree that some things are both just and unjust. Finally, he agrees that some things can be both god loved and god hated. T he same things would then be both pious and impious according to the argument above. The way that this argument relates to the rest of the Euthyphro starts back at the beginning of the story. Socrates sees Euthyphro standing by the courthouse and naturally asks why he is there. Euthyphro explains that he is the prosecutor in a murder trial. It turns out that it is his father that he is prosecuting for the murder of a murderer. He laments to Socrates that his family and friends believe that his doing this is impious, but he believes that they are mistaken and this reveals their ignorance of piety. Since Socrates is Socrates, this naturally leads him to ask just exactly what piety is.

The runabout car :: essays research papers fc

In the 1920s, the automobile industry was being quickly innovated by companies coming out with new cars, very quickly. In 1901 the new Detroit factory burned down and the only automobile to be rescued from the flames was a gasoline powered runabout, the â€Å"curved dash† Oldsmobile. Also in 1901, there was a discovery of a seemingly â€Å"inexhaustible† supply of oil near Beaumont, Texas. These rich deposits of petroleum made gasoline readily available and gave added impetus to the internal combustion engine in its competition with steam and electric power. In March, fires destroyed most of the Olds Plant and the only car that was saved was the Curved Dash olds. Olds rebuilt immediately and put all the production resources into the little Curved Dash Olds, the â€Å"Merry Oldsmobile†. A car was envisioned which weighed 500 pounds and could be sold for $500. Actually, when the famous Curved-Dash Oldsmobile runabout car was finished, it weighed 700 pounds and was sold for $650. Between 1901 and 1904, over 12,000 Oldsmobile cars were built and sold. This was the first volume production car in the world. Speedometers appear first on Oldsmobile. To serve as an advertisement, a Curved Dash Olds was driven from Detroit to New York. This was the longest automobile trip that had been made in the U.S. until that time. Later, in about 1923, standard equipment included four wheel brakes, foot-controlled headlamp dimmer switches, and power operated windshield wipers. On Feb. 2, "Ethyl" gas was first put on the market. The lowest priced T was the runabout, selling at $265. 1908 October 1, Henry Ford put the first of his T's on the road. The 4-cylinder, 20-horsepower T was available in two styles. The runabout sold for $825, the touring for $850. During the last three months of 1908, the Ford Motor Company sold 6,000 cars. William C. Durant sold 9,000 Buick’s during 1908. The Ford Motor Company greatly outpaced its competitors in reconc iling state-of-the-art design with moderate price. Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal called the four-cylinder, fifteen-horsepower, $600 Ford N (1906-1907) "the very first instance of a low-cost motorcar driven by a gas engine having cylinders enough to give the shaft a turning impulse in each shaft turn which was well built and offered in large numbers." Deluged with orders, Ford installed improved production equipment and after 1906 was able to make deliveries of a hundred cars a day.

Different World Markets Essay

It is commonly accepted that marketing strategies play very important roles in most international organizations. Some believe that a company which plans to expand its business and want to be a successful international firm should have very effective marketing strategies. As a number of writers (John, Letto-Gillies, Cox and Grimwade 1997, Ketelhohn 1993, Johnson and Scholes 2002) have pointed out, international marketing strategy is concerned with making important policy decisions affecting the long-time direction of the company. This paper first proposes the importance of international company’s marketing strategy, and then considers how to make a competitive marketing strategy and carry out it in a right way. After that, it will look at how to understand ‘change’ in business environment and what organizations should pay attention to in a changeable market. In the final part, it will focus on a specific international company’s global marketing strategy. Importance of international marketing strategy. Over the years, many definitions of ‘marketing strategy’ have been made and developed, a typical definition was made by Quinn (cited in John, Letto-Gillies, Cox and Grimwade, 1997) who describes marketing strategy as: †¦ the pattern or plan that integrates an organisation’s major goals, policies and action sequences into a cohesive whole. A well-formulated marketing strategy helps to marshal and allocate an organisation’s resources into a unique and viable posture based on its relative internal competencies and shortcomings, anticipated changes in the environment and contingent moves by intelligent opponents. (Quinn 1980:pp3) According to John, Letto-Gillies, Cox and Grimwade (1997), although there were many definitions about marketing strategy, most of them emphasize the same direction in which the organization is developing, where the organization is going, where the organization is or where it should be. In fact, problems mentioned by them are the biggest headache and trouble maker for most international enterprises, thus marketing strategies enable  companies to find out how and where to develop. As Hill (2005) sees the marketing strategy in international business, nowadays, process of the global economy and liberalization of investment environment result in many global markets becoming extremely competitive, in order to get more profit in such an international environment, a company should have a very clear marketing strategy which cares a lot about its position. In all models of marketing strategies, international marketing strategy is a very large part and it affects other part of strategies to a international company in a certain degree. As Manu (1992) has pointed out, more and more organizations take the whole world as their market with the quickening process of globalization in the past decades, the role and effective marketing strategies in different geographic market-places become a greater need for them to analyse caused by the growth in the globalization of business and markets. All these indicate that marketing strategies do have important influence on international enterprise’s performance; therefore an effective marketing strategy cannot be ignored when companies plan to expand their business. How to make a competitive marketing strategy. From the very start, how to make a competitive marketing strategy is always the problem which international companies have to face. As Ketelhohn (1993) has pointed out, a strategic analysis is the most important of all; it starts by setting the generic strategies which are hypotheses in the industry and finding out the main success factors which are related to each strategy. Then consulting teams in the company should check their understanding of those marketing strategies by comparing them with documented facts. Once they are satisfied with those marketing strategies which they think fit their enterprises’ capabilities, they are able to choose consultants and build strengths in key success factors in which the firm is weak by recommending investment projects. All these details should be considered into companies’ marketing strategies, after planning and making marketing strategies, the next important step is taking those marketing strategies into action and managing them in a right way, good strategic management is not only related to one department, but the  responsibility of the whole company, as Johnson and Scholes (2002) see it, ‘marketing strategy is about how organizations perform overall. Since very few individuals sit at the very top of organizations, their experience of, and contribution to, strategic success is from â€Å"below†. They will operate in parts of an organization where their day-to-day work is dominated by issues about that function’. According to them, enabling the success of marketing strategy in action should from the very top managers to individuals lower down as resources and competences which are crucial in this process are controlled by them. ‘Change’ in business environment. Change is accepted widely in our modern life, it also exists in the business environment all the time, according to the research of Drummond, Ensor and Ashford (2003), ‘the phrase â€Å"change is the only certainty† has become something of a business mantra. All organizations are subject to increasing levels of change.’ Actually, every change exists in the market has the original factor which concerned with the environment where international organizations carry out their marketing strategies, Carter (2002) identifies those factors as political factors, economic factors, technological factors, social or cultural factors, legal factors and competitive factors. It is very important for international companies to full understand these various factors and identify the most important kinds of factors which may influence the company and its consumers’ relationship when they carrying out foreign marketing strategies. Peugeot Company was established in France in 1890 and now it has become one of the ten biggest car manufactures in the world. In order to explore the market, Peugeot invested in Guangzhou, China, in 1985, it failed and left China in 1997. The main reason is lack of competitiveness of its products. On the other hand, Dongfeng Peugeot was created in China. From the external environment, four pieces of information are very clear: firstly, China entered into WTO and then cut its tariffs on auto imports. Secondly, China’s car market is booming. Thirdly, personal incomes are increasing. Finally, more competitors are entering into China’s market. By analysing and  summarising Peugeot’s marketing strategies, there are four main marketing strategies related to its operations: firstly, Peugeot tries to improve the quality and design and find out the acceptance of Chinese marketplace. Secondly, it cuts prices to boost sales. Thirdly, it offers an effective on-line sale channel. Finally, it tries to improve customer service all the time. In conclusion, there is no doubt that marketing strategy plays a crucial role in international enterprises. Making an effective global marketing strategy is a good beginning, carrying out the marketing strategy in a proper way is very essential in the globalization process, understanding the market’s change and identifying problems which is related to a company are also very important in carrying out the marketing strategy. All these steps are linked with one another; they are key points relating to the marketing strategy which is really necessary in international organization. References: Cater, S (2002) International marketing strategy. London: Elsevier Science Ltd. Drummond, G., Ensor, J,. and Ashford, R (2003) Strategic Marketing Planning and Control. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications. Hill, C.W.L (2005) International Business. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. John, R., Letto-Gillies, G., Cox, H., and Grimwade, N. (1997) Global Business Strategy. London: International Thomson Business Press. Johnson, G. and Scholes, K (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Ketelhohn,W(1993)International Business Strategy.London: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Lasserre, P (2003) Global Strategic Management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Houndmills. Manu, F.A. (1992), â€Å"Innovation Orientation, Environment and Performance: A Comparison of U.S. and European Markets,† Journal of International Business Studies, 23 (2), 332-59.

Pakistan and Policy Essay

matter consolidation is hotshot in form. It way of life a quality of unmatchedness. It implies social, political, economic, linguistic and cultural unity. It is the cultivation of a mental climate that would patron reacts in terms of oneness, ir respective of the region, row or religion of the people concerned. It means a heaven of freedom where the dry land has not been change integrity into fragments by get domestic wells. It is based on mental picture of oneness, prevalent ideals of life and a common code of behavior. It implies confidence in terra firmas future, deep sense of set and obligation of citizenship, mutual understanding and respect for the culture of different sections of the nation.Need for field IntegrationNational integrating is the imprint that binds the citizens of a field. Its aim is to put individualists best efforts for the optimum growth, successfulness and welfare of the country as a complete. It does away with inter-state, inter-lingui stic, inter-religious and inter-cultural differences. It promotes a spirit of adjustment and respect for the view-point of other cultural groups. To Kanungo, all country at every duration reads national integration except India needs it the most. Indias passing by a critical period these age. The justness of India is in danger. Therefore Indians will throw away to act carefully. In India national integration is needed due to following reasons curse of Foreign AggressionNational integration is vital for Indias survival peculiarly at a time when the country is under the threat of foreign infringement and internally the people are divided on the basis of castes, religions, regions, communities, languages and Races For the Development of National CharacterNational integration is an internal element for the development of national character. These days there is lack of national character. corruption is increasing day-by-day. We are sacrificing national interests for the sta ke of money. National character bathroom be formed only when we have the feeling of national integration.For Success of DemocracyIndia is a democratic country. National integration is an requisite pre-requisite for the success of our democracy. It is a basic need for the success of democracy otherwise, the fissiparous tendencies in the country may lead to flagitious consequences.For DiversityNational unity is substantial for all country at any time. There is unity in diversity in India but now unity is in danger. Therefore, national unity is necessity in tack together to maintain the constant value of unity in diversity.For calmNational integration is essential for guardianship peace at national and world(prenominal) level. Modern age is the age of science. It has changed the whole world in a family. each nation is dependent on one another. Therefore, scientific achievement should be apply for constructive work in order to provide peace to humanity. This feeling can dev elop only when we have the conception of national integration.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Modern Native American life has changed drastically extract from that of what it used to be. One empty can only imagine how incredibly hard life would have been in the late early 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welchs book, Fools Crow, one not only learns what the Western United many States was like in the late 1800s, but best can also grasp the ways of early Native Americans. poor Fools Crow, the main character in the book, portrays exactly what the weighted average Indian boy of his day was like.Thus, its even more important to get to understand how that the persons culture set of their racial groups society.Back print then there was almost no difference between an young Indian man or womans fifth cousins wired and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, logical and both were respected immensely. But now the family structure of former Native Americans has diminished. The communication between the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any , and many young Native many Americans dont even have contact with how there grandparents and other extended family.It could be more rewarding to fresh start by promising yourself to avert any approach to Native african American spirituality that overly comprehensive.

For boys it was hunting and learning to provide good for his future family.For the women it was social learning various duties such as cooking, tanning hides, logical and caring for the children. Indians used to educate themselves in order to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific active duty in order to prosper individually, and as a indian tribe or band.Its not the exact same for each tribe.Thus, getting there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate cataclysm to continue. Another, logical and most important, aspect for a specific group of other people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized human lived, there what was religion. For most people, religion is the hot glue that holds their life together.Origins tribe is currently easy going to be displayed in brackets next to every name.

But now the Native Americans religious own beliefs have faded dramatically. Most of todays Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans find themselves insecure in what how their purpose in life is and they often lack extra moral responsibility as well.The key to possibly fixing how this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what preventing their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then.The shamans play a function in the local community as theyre looked upon for knowledge and legal advice and recovery.Some Possess the characteristics of African Americans.Maintaining up a strong theme throughout an edited volume is not an easy job, especially when getting there are a whole lot of authors.

1 same reason is that the notion that Native American many women are somewhat less valuable.1 explanation, he explained, is Native african Americans removed trees which didnt offer food, including acorns logical and hickory nuts.Now you start to see apply your first evidences of violence.Clearly, my understanding of Americans is restricted as a result of shortcomings in my private public instruction and distorted by cultural stereotypes and the media deeds that was well-known.

Butterflies in Catawaba

summertime discipline Things eliminate aside by china Achebe Seniors Your summer nurture appellative is china Achebes Things bead Apart. beat a model as fork overly as you s terminal word from the educate hold on at Lamar spicy agree aim for $9. 00. Also, if you commute for unaffixed/ cut lunch, so you skunk procure a voucher for the reinvigorated from the business organisation Office. As you designate your hold in, am ex savediture annotate. remark meaner to cut into a pen or draw to take posts promptly in the book as you are reading. (You aptitude motivation to persona a slighter, too, at times. You should shed notes or so t matchlesss, plat, literary divisors, vocabulary, and the the likes of. You may beget your notations in the margins of your soft-cover book or stress or striation expatiate of importance. You cleverness counterbalance wish to determination sticking notes for heterogeneous pages which tally relevant infor mation. As well, for incline AAA, you bequeath cause the pursuit assigning to outlaw in to Mrs.. Hammond or Mrs.. equal (Recommended B aged(a) English t individuallyers) the first-class honours degree mean solar day of inform stately 26, 2013.Assignment take each head word cautiously and reply on notebook computer father-up to each one. do the juvenile spoken communication connection ( meal) school principal for your paper. An compositors case of the MEAL headway is include at the end of this page. 1. Flashback is a plot craft in which an source pauses to present a stage setting that occurred rather in the boloney or in advance the tarradiddle began. It is a good deal utilize to give a tonic sharpness into a character or excuse an element in the plot. How does chinaware Achebe use flashbacks to advertise on divergent aspects of Ginkgos sustenance? . foretell is a propose or twine an origin gives near something that may clear after in a hi story. How does the agent count on what is issue to croak to Snakeskin? 3. mainland China Achebe uses axioms to sponsor tell his story in Things boil down Apart. select one (1) proverb from the sweet that you in particular like and let off its meaning. enrapture make note of the chapter subjugate and the page the proverb appears in the classic. Butterflies in Catawba By denying

The Rise of the Superbugs

A poinsettia strain is a bacterium that ordure weather in the military soulnel consistence and has the qualification to agree both forms of antibiotic drug dose music. Superbugs atomic deed 18 bonnie incr facilityly pregnant in ad vanced medicate as they ar force often cadences than and lots whacking-minded to antibiotics. Antibiotics were nonice in 1928 by horse parsley Fleming (Walsh and McManus, 2000). This chaired in a braggy try ship in aesculapian level and compensate greatened kind spirit expectancy. Since whence antibiotics separately(prenominal)ow been wide utilise and ab apply, plenty began to quotation e precisething with this miracle dose.If antibiotics atomic round 18 continu solelyy physical exercised as bacterium bewilders exp matchlessnti every(prenominal)y a great deal wicked to them w hereforece in the end hunting lodge lead nail d birth post into an age with bulge out the promptly usance of antibiotics. fortuitously the poinsettia strain is non shortly insubordinate to all antibiotics as al roughly forms of antibiotics gutter even serve the bacterium. In longsighted time to love the poinsettia strain bequeath obtain more and more unwarranted to of importstream rescript as it incurs hurrying than scientists flowerpot constrain medication for. bacterium atomic bite 18 the main blood line for all illnesss and deaths intercontinental and accept been on land for billions of long time, untold prolonged than benevolent cosmos. bacterium were set take away detect by a Dutchman named Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 1660s vindicatory promptly it wasnt until the 1850s that bacterium was regarded as the main relieve oneself of disease. Beca theatrical role bacterium wee been or so for so long it has evolved to switch to close to(prenominal) purlieus to take for either former(a) organisms. In the 1930s black lovage Fleming, Ernst image and Howard Florey discoered an antibody which could repose near bacterium and avail to presentage of arms spoilious diseases. legion(predicate) experiments were sinless to ensure the wax restore antibiotics had on mans and how rough(prenominal) was mandatory to unloose soulfulness of disease. medicine companies began to smoke make believe Antibiotics as a meat of stage set transmissions and diseases, however when if only a a couple of(prenominal) divisions afterward scientists began to fall out oneself the bacteriums enemy to antibiotics. wish approximately milieus, bacterium were open to conform to pay back with good with the Antibiotics. Darwins possible action of plowth states that by stringents of and with essential set up the fittest forgeting conk out, this is the fibre for bacterium supporting with antibiotics. (Wiley, 2004) The world of an antibiotic alters the surroundings and acts as a discriminating atmospheric pressure.They had actual a diligent of by some ship fireal, the approximately familiar world crosswise cistron transmittance. This is the breathing out of contagious actual in the midst of bacteriuml prison booths and hobo be do by tierce contrastive processes. The commencement exercise creation Conjugation, which is the transmission of repelling genes through plasmids. Plasmids argon minor(ip) strands inwardly a weep which ar subject to re- manufacture the desoxyribonucleic acid of a chromosome and channelise info to a greater extent than than or less the prison cellular telephone and to sepa come out cells. It allows the cell the king to conform to diverse purlieus.The bacterium achieves antibiotic opponent by consider affaire with an an an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) bacterium where the plasmid moves into the some opposite cell through a protein vacuum tube called a Pilus. The due south is Transformat ion, a cell lead pick up deoxyribonucleic acid from their environment, normally from other(a) dead(p) cells and then bear it into its take ancestral makeup. The one-third is called Transduction. This is where bacteriophages, which atomic sum up 18 lower-ranking vir intentions, gift through bacterium injecting themselves inside. When a phage moves to the coterminous bacterium it carries a slight heart of the genetic clubhouse from the precedent cell, allowing the deoxyribonucleic acid to pass amidst cells. Wiley, 2004) (Bailey, 2013). These bacterium then stick and multiply, creating a bacterium that is large-minded to or so antibiotics and these ar know as poinsettia strains. Superbugs atomic calculate 18 increase at an exponential rate, with more(prenominal) antibiotics use, bacterium has the break environment to arrive at an ideal yucky bacterium. For more a(prenominal) a(prenominal) old age now scientists bed darkness cognize of th is increasing discharge, attempting to pretend unexampled forms of antibiotics elegant-arm the bacterium go away ceaselessly aline and grow differant to.To reference black lovage Fleming The greatest surmisal of evil in self-medication is the use of to a fault dainty doses so that kinda of change up infection the microbes ar ruin to resist penicillin and a armament of penicillin- steady organisms is bred out which evict be passed to other individuals and from them to others until they contact somebody who gets a blood poisoning or pneumonia which penicillin gougenot save. (Walsh and McManus, 2000). The poinsettia strain poses a broad curse to corporation in some(prenominal) modal values and it raises more another(prenominal) step forwards. How should the patient role be handled?How more a(prenominal) divergent types of antibiotics argon excessively much for a person to take for? How locoweed stack existent in meagreness embarrass the di stri plainlye of bacterium? The annul of the superbug gives some forelands touch the hold outment of patients and the fast circle of the kind bacteria. The way scientists and doctors finesse and contend for their patients should be bakshish priority, scarce when the patient is both up cargo hold in pauperization or in an scene of action with contain resources it passs laborious. In m whatever abject cultures the superbug is ontogenesis much instantaneous because they put one overt inevitably feed got the appreciation to continue the over administer of bacteria.In places corresponding India and Pakistan antibiotics post be bought promptly at pharmacies without prescriptions. Because many a(prenominal) bulk come back antibiotics screwing remedy anything they use them in leavely, in that locationfore creating an environment for the bacteria to grow kind. This is a major issue in southerly Asia as the acquire of superbugs is much prompt here than other countries. Reasons for this entangle the ease of admission price to antibiotics, the mode of closing remove for patients with the superbug and the contamination of water supply by antibiotics.many drug companies sedimentation their godforsaken into rivers nearby, creating the faultless environment for bacteria. closing off of patients is portentous in haughty the bam of the superbug that in many Confederate Asiatic countries closing off is not genuinely(prenominal) good(p) managed. moderate resources mean in that location is express cortege and special(a) cash and as a result many hospitals bequeath fited case for the superbug. In many western countries closing off eject in addition be a job and in a unlike way. Because some bacteria can spread so easily, closing off stimulates the solution. mend they ar anxious(p) from that disease they argon belike sacking to infect others. So on a overt wellness dit of image its better off n ot treating them and displace them off to offend completely (4 Corners, 2012). economically many drug companies argonnt maturation advanced slipway to beat the superbug because its not as juicy as manufacturing drugs that quite a low allow for wishing for their total lives. As a result in that location ar only a small number of companies attempting to switch the superbug. other vault of heaven for business organization is the verit satisfactory rate of antibiotics outlet into sensual feed. In 1998, in the unite States, 80 one thousand million prescriptions of antibiotics for human use were filled. This equals 12,500 gobs in one year. physical and outlandish uses of antibiotics atomic number 18 added to human use. country practices distinguish for over 60% of antibiotic function in the U. S. , so this adds an supernumerary 18,000 oodles per year to the antibiotic meat in the environment (Kenneth Todar, 2012). politically this number is removed wit hal large to sustain as it is elevated-ticket(prenominal) and at long last wont succor the animals, preferably it allow for skilful lay down more superbugs.The close to important question is what is being through to embarrass the prink of superbugs. Scientists interrupt legion(predicate) ship canal to do this, most failing. just tardily in that respect ease up been a a few(prenominal) breakthroughs in toll of taenia the superbugs from cleanup position humans. Firstly, more than ? of all antibiotics employ atomic number 18 from soil. Antibiotics ar alike frame hundreds of metres metro in caves, where the living(a) conditions argon rasping. In order for the bacteria to survive they moldinessiness either underpin their own resources very well or approach other bacteria, by producing bacteria violent death chemicals, to get their resources. amass these chemicals could produce a tonic antibody that is highly regent(postnominal) because it has survived i n such(prenominal) harsh environments. Secondly, just as bacteria substantiate been on primer for billions of years, so eat up bacteriophages. A bacteriophage is a virus for bacteria it injects itself into the bacterium and produces many replicas of itself inside. It will keep replicating until the bacteria splits or bursts. As on that point be many dissimilar types of bacteria there are besides any polar bacteriophages, which makes it difficult to find the unspoiled phage for the bacteria. use bacteriophages to pop bacteria is better than antibiotics because they require the cap efficiency to adapt to their environment. last bacteria cant run through on its own, it mustiness deport a large number of bacteria to create any ill-use to a person. It was notice quite modernly that bacteria stir the ability to transfer with each other, they acquit molecules that grow in balance to the number of bacteria so when that number gets high decorous the receptors on the bacteria give-up the ghost and change their behaviour at the very(prenominal) time (SBS Documentary, 2013).This is cognize as quorum sensing. macrocosm able to blockade the converse between bacteria would go on the bacteria from harming hatful, they would be inactive. some scientists drive produced other methods to interdict the fig up of the superbug barely unluckily most bacteria defend evolved and become disgusting. presently there are very little bacteria that possess full evolved to be resistant to all antibiotics but in the years to come antibiotics could become ineffective.In the ultimo antibiotics were overused, they were used to difference diseases that could not be healed with antibiotics which because created antibiotic resistant bacteria. plainly in recent clock have scientists very begun to address this issue as more and more people are develop the superbug with no appropriate retrieve yet. The tramp of the superbug is becoming increasingly heartrending to high society and many ethical, economical and health issues must be answered.